3 10 130 https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/9/579/GGLP-CYDI-Update-Aug19.pdf d30a1b704e4c1a17ed65c50f60651598 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Programme Update August 2019 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It? Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Description An account of the resource The ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology Programme was a four year Galloway Glens Landscape Partnership project, providing engaging and educational archaeology activities, which ranged from community digs and community driven research projects, to dual-language archaeology inspired poetry. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document PUBLIC Galloway Glens Landscape Partnership Can You Dig It – Community Archaeology Project Update – August 2019 As we come to the end of the summer, it’s a good time to look back on the work we’ve done as part of our Community Archaeology programme in July and August 2019. Thanks to our funders, Historic Environment Scotland and the Heritage Lottery Fund, we’ve been able to make all of these learning experiences free for our volunteers. Big thanks are also due of course to the volunteers, who are making this into a fabulous programme, full of hard work, fun and finds, and also to Rathmell Archaeology, whose team remain most professional and enthusiastic, even in the face of some rather challenging weather conditions! The Polmaddy survey in mid-July was undertaken on two such ‘challenging’ days, but the volunteers persevered undaunted and created an excellent survey of the inn of the deserted settlement, which will hopefully add a lot of value to any further interpretation or exploration of the site. 21/08/2019 CYDI update – August 2019 PUBLIC 1 PUBLIC This was followed by the Castledykes excavation – our first proper dig! There were ‘finds galore’ and also the chance to see a special exhibition put on for us at the Stewartry Museum from the 1910s Castledykes excavations – fabulous to see our work set in a wider context. We then had a second very successful guided walk up Corserine to survey the remains of the WWII high-ground wrecks there – a fascinating aspect of our more recent history, and also a chance to see the Galloway Glens from a new perspective! 21/08/2019 CYDI update – August 2019 PUBLIC 2 PUBLIC A third Survey Skills workshop was held in St Cuthbert’s Kirkyard at the end of July, including the chance to join in on the regular guided tours of the Kirkyard hosted by the Kirkcudbright History Society – thanks for inviting us along guys! In August, we were delighted to be a venue at the Kirkcudbright Arts and Craft Trail for our Moat Brae excavation – we certainly got lots of interested visitors as well as volunteers, which was excellent to see. We’ve also been really pleased this summer holiday to have plenty of family groups along – it’s never too soon to recruit the next generation of enthusiasts! 21/08/2019 CYDI update – August 2019 PUBLIC 3 PUBLIC Lastly, we had a great few days at a Raiders Road deserted settlement last week, unearthing what looks to be a substantial dwelling. It’s hard but rewarding work out there, and the volunteers have been doing a great job at uncovering some more of our relatively recent history, despite yet more ‘challenging’ weather conditions! If you’d like to find out more about this programme, which will be continuing until at least March 2020, do contact Helen Keron, the Galloway Glens Education and Community Engagement Officer, on helen.keron@dumgal.gov.uk or 07827 306 866. For regular updates of upcoming events and progress reports, follow us on Facebook and Twitter – search for CanYouDigIt (@GGLPArchaeology). For news articles and technical reports of our work to date, look on: • • http://gallowayglens.org/resources and scroll down to Can You Dig It, and https://gallowayglens.org/projects/community-archaeology-programme-can-you-dig-it/ Helen Keron Galloway Glens 21st August 2019 21/08/2019 CYDI update – August 2019 PUBLIC 4  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Programme Update August 2019 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_119 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource Can You Dig It review archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/19/578/GGLP-CYDI-Workshop-Notes-Web-based-Research.pdf fefd00bf9294a2d767cee45e25b68f9a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – Web Based Research Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Workshop Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document PUBLIC Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project – Technical notes. Web-based Heritage Research Training Workshop Note PUBLISHED: ·TUESDAY, 19 MARCH 2019 There are a range of resources available which provide information on the historic environment. Those listed here either provide all-Scotland coverage or are regional resources specific to the Galloway Glens area. Even when a resource has national coverage, this does not necessarily mean that the data held is of a consistent level across the resource. Canmore The ideal starting point for any web-based research is Canmore, compiled and maintained by Historic Environment Scotland. This is an online public archive and database, which forms a record of the archaeological and historical environment in Scotland. It contains details of over 320,000 archaeological sites, monuments, buildings and maritime sites - together with an index to the drawings, manuscripts and photographs held in the National Record of the Historic Environment - which can be searched via database query. Images of over 80,000 of the photographs or drawings in the collection are also available in Canmore. PUBLIC PUBLIC The information held there has come from a range of sources, ranging from professional archaeologists to amateur antiquarians, which has been amassed over more than a century. It also incorporates work carried out by archaeologists working for the Ordnance Survey. Much, however, was generated through the work of staff working for the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (who continue this role today as part of Historic Environment Scotland). It is the changing character of their work which has shaped and defined the scope and quality of the information held within the National Record of the Historic Environment. To understand the complexity of Canmore, it is useful to have some knowledge of the way in which the Commission’s role has changed since their creation. For many years, one of their primary roles was to compile and maintain an ‘Inventory’ of monuments. These originally were comprehensive hardbound volumes, often generated using the results of detailed field surveys produced on a county basis. Produced from 1911 to 1992, some 25 volumes were prepared, covering approximately 22 counties. The commission ceased production of Inventories in 1992, recognising that the format no longer met their objectives effectively. Their focus then changed to survey and publication work specifically targeted towards areas perceived to be under threat. These took the form of the Sites and Monuments volumes, produced on a more expedient basis to address those areas of Scotland experiencing rapid development pressure. Produced between 1978 and 1989, these volumes covered large areas of the north-east, central belt and northern isles. This work was followed between 1989 and 1998 with the Afforestable Land Survey, which targeted strategic areas where afforestation was anticipated, typically marginal ground in upland rural areas. During this period the Commission surveyed large areas of ground with a view to identifying and characterising the archaeology. While all of this data fed into Canmore, some was also published in thematic or areabased volumes (e.g. Glenesslin Nithsdale) Taking a more thematic approach was the First Edition Survey Project, a 6-year project which covered the whole of Scotland and which identified over 26,000 unroofed buildings depicted on the first edition Ordnance Survey maps of Scotland. PUBLIC PUBLIC The aim was to plot the changing character of Scotland’s rural landscape during the late 18th and 19th centuries. The summary results of the survey are published in But the Walls Remained, together with more information about the research value of early Ordnance Survey maps and descriptions of the common types of settlement and landscape features. All data has been integrated into Canmore, and it can provide a useful starting point for those embarking on a detailed study of medieval or later rural settlement. Now part of Historic Environment Scotland, their staff continue to develop and undertake a range of field survey projects that seek to record endangered or poorly understood elements of the historic environment. These projects can focus on large survey areas such as Donside, Canna or Holyrood Park. PastMap All the above have significantly enriched Canmore, but they are generated in a geographically proscribed manner. To the casual user, Canmore may be a difficult resource to work with, as there are so many variables in the searches. Finding a specific site can therefore be tricky, although for general searches, such as providing information on every Bronze Age cairn in a certain parish, it can be useful. But there are alternative ways of accessing this data, which some may find a more user-friendly approach. These take the forms of map-based searches, which allow the user to identify known sites visually. Canmore itself has a map-based websearch facility, but an alternative resource is available in PastMap, a map-based web tool produced by Historic Environment Scotland which - as well as providing point locations for every site, building, maritime feature or find recorded in Canmore, displays the location of: listed buildings; the boundaries of Scheduled Monuments; the boundaries of designed landscapes and gardens. Here, the query system links the map depiction of each mapped element through to the underlying data explaining what each element represents. PUBLIC PUBLIC PastMap also allows access to information held by the Historic Environment Record of Dumfries and Galloway Council. This is the database maintained by the local authority archaeologist, and it can be accessed independently of the Canmore site. The HER should be the first port-of-call when reporting new information about known sites or new discoveries throughout the area covered by the Galloway Glens Landscape Project. So far, we have found out how to identify what sites are known, by examining information in a database which allows us to learn what a particular site is, where it is located, and how much - if any- archaeological work has been done previously there in the past. We’ve examined resources which locate these sites on a modern map, but this is merely the starting point for a much more complex and enriching process. Let’s turn now to historic mapping - for this resource, the main repository is undoubtedly the National Libraries of Scotland of which the National Map Library of Scotland is a part. National Libraries The National Libraries of Scotland (NLS) has its roots in the late 17th century, and was given legal rights to claim a copy of every book published in Britain in 1710. It is one of only 6 legal deposit libraries in Britain and Ireland, and now holds 14 million printed items and 100,000 manuscripts, as well as maps and other items. It should be considered a primary source of reference material for background reading relating to the historic environment, including most – if not indeed all – of the journal runs and major publications listed below. Its Rare Book Collections also include works pertinent to Scotland’s history and built environment. Forming part of the NLS is the National Map Library of Scotland. With over 2 million maps in its collections, the Map Library allows access to some of the most important maps of Scotland produced between 1560 and 1928. Many of these are now web-mounted – these include maps of 16th and 17th century date by the celebrated mapmakers Pont and Blaeu, 18th century military maps; 18th and 19th PUBLIC PUBLIC marine maps; and Ordnance Survey large scale Scottish Town plans, printed between 1847 and 1895. While there are a broad range of cartographic sources available, two prominent national survey programmes are particularly worthy of mention. The first is the Military Survey of Scotland, which was the first systematic survey of mainland Scotland and is an excellent source for research. The maps show settlements, cultivation, woodland, parkland, roads and tracks in colour at a scale of one inch to 1000 yards (1:36000). This is an important source as it records the preimprovement landscape, but it should be used with caution as the mapping can be inaccurate and inconsistent while the Gaelic place names can be unreliable. The second is provided by the Ordnance Survey mapping programmes, which began mapping rural Scotland in 1843, at a scale of six inches to the mile (1:10560). This scale is large enough to show individual buildings, roads and field systems. The country was surveyed by county, with each county then re-surveyed on two occasions - it is the initial First Edition of this mapping sequence that provided the data for the First Edition Survey Section which was mentioned previously in the section devoted to Canmore. Providing an important accessory to the First Edition Ordnance Survey maps is the Name Book, in which surveyors recorded the authorities used for every name which appeared on the map sheet. A short description of each feature is included (eg 'a small farmhouse with suitable offices, one storey, thatched and in poor repair') along with the name of the proprietor. This is a valuable resource which can assist in understanding the rural structures and settlement depicted, and it is amongst the varied range of resources which can be accessed via the on-line web resource Scotland’s Places. PUBLIC PUBLIC Maps and Mapping We’ll be learning more about Scotland’s Places later, but before we leave the subject of mapping, there’s one last resource to mention. This is DAMP, the Dumfries Archival Mapping Project which has been web-mounting estate maps and plans throughout Nithsdale and will be doing the same for material in Stewartry and the Galloway Glens Landscape Project area. These plans can be accessed via the National Map Library of Scotland on-line web portal. Please bear in mind, however, that these are organised according to parish, so you’ll have to have a broad understanding of your location before you start using this resource. We’ve seen already how data from historic mapping was used by staff of the thenRCAHMS to create the First Edition Survey Project; before moving on from mapping, mention should also be made of the Historic Land Use Assessment project, still ongoing under the direction of Historic Environment Scotland. Developed as a map-based analysis of past and present-day land use throughout Scotland, this resource provides a categorisation system for landscape history. Each area with similar origins has been given one of 55 Historic Land-use Types, which also allocates it a Category group, or a Period of origin. Wherever past landuse is detected it is recorded as a Relict Category, Period and Type. This categorisation is largely based on cartographic sources; while ground testing is undertaken to support the assessment where map-based research proves inconclusive, general survey is not carried out. Forming a modern counterpoint to traditional mapping techniques is aerial imagery. The National Collection of Aerial Photographs. held and maintained by Historic Environment Scotland, contains a broad range of aerial images generated from the 1930s onwards. These include: RAF training, reconnaissance and camouflage survey images; Luftwaffe imagery; oblique imagery from RCAHMS sponsored flights; and late-20th century imagery from Ordnance Survey and other mapping projects. PUBLIC PUBLIC Access to some aerial imagery can be carried out via Canmore, but a much broader range can be viewed via a web-mounted application set up by the National Collection of Aerial Photographs. This helps users to locate aerial photographs held in the collections, containing details of flight plots which illustrate where there will be vertical aerial photographic coverage. Images can be viewed without charge, but only at a very small size - in order to obtain a detailed image, a visit to the Collections is required, or a digital file must be ordered. These images can be useful when viewing areas which were subject to afforestation in the post-war period - RAF sorties in particular may show these locations prior to planting, and hence depopulated settlements in particular may be revealed in some detail. Up-to-date satellite imagery can also be a valuable source of information, via commercial websites such as Google Earth or Google Maps. This is particularly useful if you’re looking to find out about a particular location’s current land use. So far, we’ve found out how to find out what known sites are present in the landscape, and we’ve also explored the historic mapping and aerial imagery resources which can show us how the landscape evolved in modern times, and following on from that - help us to establish how well a site may have survived to the present. We can also use historic mapping and aerial imagery to identify potential new sites within the landscape. All this is particularly useful for relatively ‘modern’ sites, in particular for farms and settlements of post-medieval and modern date. We’ve also seen how this kind of data can be used to create detailed pictures of change in the landscape, through the Historic Land Use Assessment project. PUBLIC PUBLIC Historic Land Use Assessment The Historic Land Use Assessment provides a very broad overview of the landscape and its evolution, but for those who are interested, there are web-based resources which can provide a more specialised and localised insight into the environment. These rely on excellent levels of preservation in the environmental data (such as pollen) and therefore they are linked with wetland locations. Two main specialist datasets are available, covering differing aspects of the historic environment. The first is the Scottish Palaeoecological Archive Database produced jointly by the University of Edinburgh and the then-Historic Scotland, this resource provides information on sites in Scotland where evidence of past environments has been preserved in the ‘natural archives’ of peat bogs, mires and lochs. By studying such evidence (which includes fossil plants and pollen, animal bones and sediments), palaeoecologists can reconstruct past ecosystems and study their change over time. To date, information relating to the area of the Galloway Glens and its immediate environs is limited. The Scottish Wetlands Archaeological Database is perhaps more interesting to the general user, as it integrates archaeological information with environmental data. It contains 6,000 records and highlights the importance of wetlands as repositories of archaeological information. The information held in the database was generated by combining digital overlays of wetland sites defined using information obtained from Scottish Natural Heritage and the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, with archaeological information held in Canmore. Created in order to produce a fuller understanding of the potential of Scottish wetland archaeology, it can also be used as a management tool and a source of information for interpretative schemes. PUBLIC PUBLIC Journals Much of the emphasis so far has been on archaeological sites relating to the recent past, but those of you with an interest in prehistory or the medieval period, we’ve seen how Canmore and the Scottish Wetland Archaeological Database can help you learn more. Even more detailed information is available in a number of journals which have direct relevance to the study of the historic environment in Scotland and that’s true of the post-medieval and modern periods, too. These journals often have extensive runs but can be difficult to source - helpfully, one of the roles of Historic Environment Scotland is to collate, synthesise and integrate information derived from such journals and include it within the National Record of the Historic Environment. However, this is not a verbatim transfer of information and more data is almost invariably retained in the primary source, which are referenced from the Canmore entries. A list of the better-known journals is included here, to give some idea of what is available. Most are available only as hard copies which can be viewed in major libraries, but some are now web-mounted. Those that can be accessed free-of-charge as web-mounted documents can be accessed via links provided. • Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (1792 - present) – a platform for the publication of articles concerned with archaeology and antiquarian studies across Scotland • Transactions of the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society (1862-present) - a journal dedicated to the natural history, archaeology and history of Dumfries and Galloway. • Council for Scottish Archaeology’s Discovery and Excavation in Scotland (1947 - present) – this provides an annual gazetteer of archaeological projects undertaken in Scotland; • Scottish Archaeological Journal (1969 - present) – formerly known as Glasgow Archaeological Journal, this journal has, in recent years, transformed PUBLIC PUBLIC itself from a regional journal focussing mainly on western Scotland to a publication with a broader scope of interest encompassing the whole of Scotland. Scottish Archaeological Forum Monographs (1969 - 1981) – these • comprise the published proceedings of the various conferences hosted by SAF. All contain some material which is relevant to Scotland, with many volumes devoted entirely to aspects of Scottish archaeology and the built heritage. • Vernacular Buildings, Scottish Vernacular Buildings Working Group Journal (1975 – present) – devoted to the publication of articles relating to Scotland’s smaller traditional buildings, built using local materials and methods. There are also a range of United Kingdom (or International) journals that can include articles directly relating to the archaeology and/or built heritage of Scotland, and its place in a wider national or even international context. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society – publishes papers on all aspects of • prehistory with an emphasis on the British Isles, Europe, SW Asia, and the countries bordering the Mediterranean; • Britannia – dedicated to the archaeology of Roman Britain; • Medieval Archaeology – the aims of this publication are to support and advance the study of the medieval period (5th– 16th century AD) in Britain and Ireland; • Post-Medieval Archaeology - a bi-annual journal devoted to the study of the material evidence of European society wherever it is found throughout the world; • Industrial Archaeology Review – covers all practical aspects of recording, surveying, excavation, interpretation, conservation and protective legislation relating to the surviving evidence of industrial activity; and • Garden History - its aim is to advance understanding of the history and conservation of gardens and designed landscapes. PUBLIC PUBLIC In addition, there have been, or continue to be, a number of critical national specialists’ syntheses or surveys that provide a valuable source of information at the national level as to the character of the historic environment. These include: • Pevesner Buildings of Scotland - Produced by the Buildings Books Trust detailing the architectural history of the regions of Scotland; • Industrial Archaeology of Scotland – Two volumes by prominent industrial archaeologist, John Hume, devoted to the industrial archaeology of Scotland. Published in the 1970’s, Volume I is devoted to Lowland, and Volume II to Highland, Scotland. The author gives detailed but succinct summaries of a variety of industrial buildings, presented on a county-by-county basis; • A Guide to the Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland – a 19th century series authored by architectural historians MacGibbon and Ross which is still considered an important primary source and a definitive guide to medieval and early post-medieval buildings in Scotland; • A Guide to the Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland – as Castellated & Domestic Architecture (above), but devoted to churches, cathedrals and other religious buildings of medieval and early post-medieval date. This summary of journals and syntheses shows just how diverse the study of our past can be, and how many specialist offshoots there are. Whatever your site of interest, it’s almost guaranteed that someone, somewhere, will have carried out a more detailed investigation of the type or class of monument that this site represents. Many of the journals listed above are produced by specialist societies such as the Association for Industrial Archaeology, or the Society for Medieval Archaeology, but others represent resources compiled by institutions or even, in some cases, individuals. PUBLIC PUBLIC Other resources For those interested in industrial archaeology, an extremely useful resource is provided by the Scottish Mining Website, which provides detailed information relating to all aspects of Scottish extractive industries. Another interesting site to visit is Scotland’s Brick Manufacturing Industry, which provides information relating to the numerous brick manufacturers operating in Scotland during the 19th and 20th centuries. If your interest lies in historic church sites, then the Historic Churchyards of Dumfries and Galloway is worth exploring, while for those whose interest lies in Medieval or Later Rural Settlement (the Raiders Road sites provide us with typical examples of this kind of site), the website Scotland’s Rural Past project will be of interest. Scotland’s Rural Past (SRP) was a five-year (2006-11), nationwide project, which supported local communities across Scotland in the investigation of deserted rural settlements dating from the medieval and post-medieval periods. The website remains as a free resource which provides guidance of the research, identification, recording and protection of Medieval or Later Rural Settlement. Museums / archives Looking more broadly at artefacts originating from the prehistoric period onwards, we increasingly find that the accessioned items which make up museum collections are being more widely shared on line as digital records and - often - images. The Future Museum initiative, which highlights the collections of museums throughout Dumfries and Galloway and Ayrshire, has a map-based search element which links sites and objects. The National Museums of Scotland has an on-line search facility for its collections, but at present this is poorly populated in terms of the images available. Also worth a look is the British Museum on-line collections database, which holds some material from the Galloway Glens area. PUBLIC PUBLIC Another site which includes information and images relating to artefacts is Scran, a learning image services which currently hosts over 490,000 images, movies and sound clips derived from museums (including the National Museums of Scotland), archives, galleries and other institutions. including the media. Scran - formerly part of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, but now run by Historic Environment Scotland - aims to provide educational access to digital materials representing material culture and history. This is provided through the wholly owned trading arm Scran Ltd. They are one of the largest educational online services in the UK supporting over 4,000 schools, libraries, colleges and universities. It can be used as a superior form of clip art or for particular learning applications. It uses an advanced licensing system in which the institution retains ownership of the digitised assets but makes these available under licence to Scran, although small versions of the images can be viewed free of charge. Further resources are available for obtaining contemporary and historic photographs, drawings, etc. Many feature historic buildings, archaeological sites or artefacts, with access to the resource is obtained via subscription. These include the image library of the University of Aberdeen, which has in its large and varying photographic collection the George Washington Wilson Collection, which consists of over 40,000 glass plate negatives produced by the Aberdeen photographer's company during the second half of the 19th century. The University of St Andrews also has an on-line image library which offers access to the photographic material held within the Special Collections Department of the University of St Andrews Library. The whole collection currently numbers in excess of 300,000 images, and is one of the largest and most important collections of historic photography in Scotland, stemming primarily from the fact that St Andrews played a vital role in the development of the photographic process. The archive also includes large collections such as the monochrome image archive of Valentines of Dundee, the photographic company which produced Scottish topographical views from the 1860s, and later became internationally famous as the producers of picture postcards. The negatives of Robert Moyes Adam, the wellknown Scottish landscape photographer whose work spans the first half of this century, numbers some 15,000 negatives. The work of George Cowie, a local press PUBLIC PUBLIC photographer from 1930 to 1982, covers all aspects of life in and around St Andrews and the East Neuk of Fife, with a considerable section on the subject of golf. Several other collections from the later 19th century and throughout the present century complement these major archives, with photographs covering a wide range of locations and subject areas. Last, but by no means least, we’re going to move from the study of places and physical structures to people. The past as we see it today was created through the actions and activities of people, and while it’s difficult to find evidence for individuals throughout much of the prehistoric, Roman and medieval periods, the post-medieval period sees the introduction of much more detailed documentary sources. Many of these are now available on-line. People General overviews of particular locations, which include information on population and land ownership, as well as industrial and agricultural production, can be found in the Statistical Accounts of Scotland. The First (Old) Statistical Account (17911799) was established in order to investigate the impact and effects of the agricultural improving movement upon the contemporary Scottish countryside. It contains many descriptions of traditional, pre-improvement farming practices, as well as descriptions of improved and experimental methods of agriculture. The Second (New) Statistical Account (1834-1845) was compiled when the improving movement was in full swing and the country experiencing a period of great economic change – the industrial revolution. As well as information about the progress of agricultural improvements, this account contains descriptions of emigration and famine across many parts of the Highlands. Another potential source is the Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland (1882-1885) by FH Groome: this is the best Scottish gazetteer to look out for, and whoile copies of this publication, or later editions, should be found in your local studies library or archive, the second edition (1892-1896) has been digitised and is available on-line. PUBLIC PUBLIC The National Records of Scotland has a search facility which allows detailed study of specific places or people/families, and this is particularly useful for those interested in detailed aspects of land ownership, Now incorporated into the larger holdings of the National Records of Scotland are records once held by the National Registers of Scotland, the Government Agency responsible for compiling and maintaining the registers relating to property and other legal documents. These can provide information on land ownership. Deeds relating to rights in property were originally held in the Register of Sasines, which was established in 1617; this was the system in place until 1979 when the Land Register of Scotland was introduced to replace it. More general searches can be carried out via the Scotland’s Places portal. Run collaboratively by the National Records of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and Historic Environment Scotland, this resource allows access to a variety of material which includes maps, surveys and plans, photographs, archaeological records, drawings, and a variety of tax rolls. These include links to Canmore, and an ability to search the Ordnance Survey Name Books, which were mentioned previously. The tax rolls, in particular, provide the names and details of individuals, with records going back as far as the mid-1600s in places. More recent information such as census returns is not included; for this, it is necessary to visit the Scotland’s People website, which charges a fee for carrying out an outline search of the records in any detail. The 1851 census for Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire has, however, been web-mounted by Dumfries and Galloway Council: it can be accessed via the website of Dumfries and Galloway Family History Society, which also provides additional resources which may prove helpful to the researcher. Dr Louise Turner Rathmell Archaeology March 2019 PUBLIC  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – Web Based Research Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_118 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource A set of Technical Notes from community archaeology skills training workshops. archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/19/577/GGLP-CYDI-Workshop-Notes-Survey-Techniques.pdf ce925ebe5b37f17b03a3073107dbf927 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – Survey Techniques Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Workshop Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document OFFICIAL Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project. Survey Skills - Training Workshop Note Surveying A major part of all archaeological work is to accurately record your subject material, be that a historic standing building, a prehistoric standing stone or whatever has been uncovered within a trench that you’ve just excavated. Most archaeologists these days will use the most up-to-date surveying techniques and equipment such as total stations and global positioning systems (GPS), which are expensive and require extensive training, but they also still use older, more simple methods such as baseline (tape and offset) and plane table surveys. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Scale Making sure your survey is scaled properly is important. Most archaeological excavation drawings use large scales such as 1:10 or 1:20, but for surveying small earthworks or historic structures in the wider landscape, a smaller scale is often used such as 1:50 or 1:100. If you’re surveying a larger number of structures or a large earthwork, you may opt for an even smaller scale such as 1:500 or 1:1000. Below is a quick guide for these various scales: • 1:10 - 1m in the real world is 100mm on your drawing • 1:20 - 1m ... is 50mm • 1:50 - 1m ... is 20mm • 1:100 - 1m ... is 10mm • 1:500 - 1m ... is 2mm • 1:1000 - 1m ... is 1mm Baseline (Tape & Offset) Survey A baseline survey is a method of recording archaeological sites by creating a scaled drawing using 30m and 50m measuring tapes, pegs and a wooden drawing board covered with graph paper and drafting film (commonly known as permatrace), as well as assorted stationery. The main baseline is set out close to the subject matter (such as a ruined medieval building or prehistoric cairn). The baseline is replicated to scale on your drawing board and then measurements, offsets, are taken at right angles between the baseline and the subject matter. The result of this on your OFFICIAL OFFICIAL drawing will be, for instance, the curve of one side of a cairn or the corner or sides of a building. The baseline can also be easily extended using scaled ranging poles (2m high). You simply place one at the start of your baseline and one at the end. Then stretch out another tape from the endpoint to the desired length and use a third pole, which will need to be lined up with the other poles on the first stretch of the main baseline. Judging the right angle of an offset from the baseline at short distances (2-3m) can often be done by eye, but error can easily creep in at longer distances. To get around this, it is sometimes best to create one or more secondary baselines off the main or starting baseline. This can easily be done by using the Pythagoras’ Theorem of the 3:4:5 triangle, which can be extended to create 10m or 20m baselines (6:8:10 and 12:16:20 triangles). These secondary baselines are used in exactly the same way as the main one, and further baselines can be extended off them too, so that the entirety of your subject matter can be recorded from every angle. Baseline Survey at Old Kirk, Kelton (June 2019) OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Problems can occur where the ground is uneven, there are high walls, or the ground slopes etc. These can be solved by using ranging poles at both ends of the offset to raise the measuring tape (sometimes using a spirit level). This means hard-to-access parts of your subject matter, such as the inner face of a buildings wall, can also be surveyed. Plane Table Survey A plane table survey is another method of recording archaeological sites which utilises a drawing board (which is covered graph paper and drafting film) attached to a survey tripod, a 30m or 50m tape, pegs, plumb bob, spirit level, a 2m ranging pole and assorted stationery. Another piece of specialist equipment needed is an ‘alidade’, which is essentially a flat, ruler-shaped object, which could be made from metal, wood or plastic. At both ends of the alidade are two attached upright sights. This type of survey has been in use from at least the 16th century in Europe, although it may have been in use long before this. The alidade itself dates to at least the 15th century, but again may be older, and has Arabic origins - ‘alʽiḍāda’ meaning the revolving radius of a circle. The survey process starts with the alidade being placed flat upon the drawing board and set against a drawing pin which marks the centre point of the board. A plumb bob is then attached to the underside of the drawing board so that it directly overlies a survey point on the ground (usually marked out with a wooden or plastic peg). The end of the 30m or 50m tape is then held at the peg at ground level or at the drawing pin marking the centre of the board. The other end of the tape and a 2m survey pole are then placed at a point of interest on your subject matter (e.g. the wall of a building or edge of a ditch) and the sights of the alidade are used to line up with the survey pole. A line is drawn along the edge of the alidade from the centre point on the drawing board, and a scale ruler used to accurately mark the point of interest on your OFFICIAL OFFICIAL drawing. This process continues until you have fully recorded your subject matter, or recorded as much as can be seen from your initial survey point. Plane Table Survey at Polmaddy deserted settlement (July 2019) Further survey points on the ground can be added so that the hard-to-access parts of your survey subject matter can be recorded, such as the rear of a tall building or large earthwork. To do this, first ensure that both your original and new survey points are recorded on your first drawing. Set up the plane table, with a fresh sheet of drafting film on the board, over the new survey point and make sure as before that both the new and old survey points are on the new drawing. The drawings can then later be combined by overlaying them, making sure the recorded survey points line up. This allows a final drawing of the subject matter to be completed. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Extending your Survey Techniques Baseline and plane table techniques are how most archaeological surveys are carried out, but there are variations of these surveys and also other types of field survey which you can try your hand at. For more information on archaeological surveying, you should check out the ‘Scotland’s Rural Past’ website, a project that ran from 2006 to 2011. This project was run by the Royal Commission for Ancient and Historical Monuments (now Historic Environment Scotland) to help local communities across the country record historic rural settlements. They produced an online book which shows a range of techniques, such as baseline and plane table surveying which you can try out. Tying Surveys into Ordnance Survey Mapping With both of the above techniques, it can be useful to tie your survey into modern Ordnance Survey mapping. If you have a handheld GPS device which has reasonable accuracy, then points and/or coordinates can be taken on your survey points or at the endpoints of your baseline. A simpler method would be to survey in existing geographic features such field boundaries, streets or buildings and to use this data such that you can overlay your survey with existing Ordnance Survey mapping. Producing an Illustration from the Survey There are different ways in which to create a finished illustration from your survey work. You can simply overlay the various elements of your survey and mapping and trace with ink pens, which can take a bit of time and is easy to make mistakes. An alternative is to use illustration software such as Adobe Illustrator (quite expensive but there are trial & student versions) or open- OFFICIAL OFFICIAL source software (free) such as Inkscape. Note that these options require a scanner for your computer. Illustration of the inn at Polmaddy from survey data using Inkscape (July 2019) Created by Rathmell Archaeology for the Galloway Glens, December 2019. http://www.rathmell-arch.co.uk/ OFFICIAL  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – Survey Techniques Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_117 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource A set of Technical Notes from community archaeology skills training workshops. archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/19/576/GGLP-CYDI-Workshop-Notes-3-D-Modelling.pdf e37dd003e34b3d2d91eeb5a8392b942c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – 3-D Modelling Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Workshop Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project – Technical notes. 3D Models from Photographs Training Workshop Note PUBLISHED: MONDAY, 25 MARCH 2019 What are 3D models? 3D models are used in movies, animations and video games but are also used in many scientific fields and increasingly in recording built-heritage and archaeological sites and artefacts. 3D modelling is the process of creating a 3D representation or visualization of any surface or object by manipulating polygons, edges and vertices in a simulated 3D space. A physical version of this would be creating a papier mache model with a ridged frame of wire, over which paper pulp and glue would be spread to create a shape which once dried out would then be painted. This is essentially what happens virtually in your computer while making a 3D model. Quick overview on Digital Documentation There are various forms of digital documentation which can be for the recording of heritage objects or structures such as LIDAR (light detection and ranging), Laser Scanning, RTI (reflectance transformation imaging) and structure from motion (SFM) photogrammetry. All of these can produce 3D models or visualisations of varying scales and complexity. Lots of heritage organisations from local community groups through to the National Museum Scotland are beginning to utilise this new technology. Some of these technologies, such as laser scanning, can involve expensive equipment, software and training at the start. Luckily structure from motion photogrammetry (often called photo scanning) is a bit more accessible and more importantly, it’s cheap. Though you can spend a lot of money on creating 3D models through photogrammetry it is possible to use something as simple as the camera on your mobile, free or open source software found online and a modern pc or laptop (though without a good graphics card in it, creating a 3D model could take a while) and still get some pretty decent results. Some examples of the different larger projects that have made use of digital documentation are shown below: • Forth Bridges 3D Project • 3D Digital Documentation of Edinburgh Castle Fore Well • St Andrews University’s 3D reconstructions of parts of Edinburgh • Glasgow School of Art’s 2017 Degree Show (Shona Noble) visualisation (with sound) of Fingal’s Cave on the Isle of Staffa For more information on Digital Documentation you can download and read Historic Environment Scotland’s short guide. How do you create 3D models? 3D models can be created either manually (like papier mache models or sculpting with clay) using specialized 3D production software such as Blender or Maya that let users create and manipulate polygonal surfaces, or by scanning real-world objects through photogrammetry or laser scanning software, such as 3DF Zephyr, Agisoft Metashape or Meshroom, into a set of data points that can be used to represent the object digitally. With photogrammetry, the 3D model is created by first taking a series of overlapping photographs from as many different angles as possible of say, a tree stump, which you will then upload to your computer and process using the photogrammetry software of your choice. Depending on the software you use it is possible to edit your photos and set how detailed you want the resultant 3D model to be. General Rules for Data Capture for Photogrammetry are: • Do your best to keep the object or structure centred while framing your photos • With photogrammetry outdoors, it is best to avoid direct light sources (i.e. very sunny days) that may cast shadows and hide parts of the object or structure’s surface areas. With photogrammetry inside, you may have to add diffuse light sources, use a plain backdrop and possibly use a turntable for smaller portable objects in order to get good results • Try to avoid high ISO values on your camera as it can create a noisy background which will confuse photogrammetry software packages. An ISO value of 200-600 is a good rule of thumb, although usually the lower the better • Use a high aperture value (F/8 – F/16) for your camera as this will help with obtaining a deep depth of field for your photos • Keep your shutter speed at a higher value: 1/125 or more • Try not to take blurry photos. Using better quality cameras, having the right type of light or using a tripod can help reduce this risk • One of the most important rules is that you make sure your photos have at least a 60% overlap (though 70-80% would be better). Try to shoot as many photos you can. If you think you’re finished, take some more! • For an object like a statue or gravestone, you will need to circle it, taking photographs at 10° intervals, which will mean 36 photos for each circle. You should repeat this with the camera at different height levels (for instance crouching or standing) and at different distances from the object (sometimes getting very close if there are details on the object such as carvings on a gravestone). The number of photos you can use within the software may be hampered by the type of software you’re using (e.g. 3DF Zephyr Free only allows 50 photos) • You should also keep in mind when taking your photographs UK law with regards to privacy (near privately owned property) and/or protection of children (near schools or nurseries). It’s also a good idea to seek permission before you start to snap away. Listed below are the different types of software which can be used for photogrammetry and 3D modelling once you’ve acquired your photogrammetry data. There are also others available. Free Software: • 3DF Zephyr Free - Has a limit of 50 photos per model but other than that, perfect for starting out. • Meshroom - Very new software which is very good but you need to use other software to upload to Sketchfab. Hopefully new versions will allow this in the future. • 3D Regard - Good, but slow, free software, though needs to be edited in other software. • Visual SFM - Good, but slow, free software though needs to be edited in other software. Paid Software: • 3DF Zephyr (Lite & Pro) - Fast software though the Lite version is limited to 500 photos (permanent licence £127-£3,300) • Agisoft MetaShape - Fast software though the standard version has limited functionality (permanent licence £135-£2,634) • Reality Capture - One of the fastest softwares out there with plenty of functionality (£85 for 3 months or £3,420-£13,000 for a permanent licence) • Pix4Dmodel - Good software with plenty of functionality. Cloud processing allows people with older computers to create 3D models online (£36 a month & free trial) • PhotoModeler - Good software with plenty of functionality (£37 a month, £750 for a permanent licence & free trial) • AutoDesk ReCap - Fast software with plenty of functionality (£42 a month & free trial) 3D modelling software (for editing & uploading): • Blender - Allows the creation of 3D models from scratch, editing of 3D models, upload to SketchFab and many other uses (free) • Maya - Allows the creation of 3D models from scratch, editing of 3D models, upload to SketchFab and many other uses (£216 a month & free trial) • Meshlab - Allows the editing of 3D models and upload to SketchFab. Difficult interface (free) • 3DS Max - Similar software & pricing as Maya. What Equipment do you need to do Photogrammetry? As mentioned above, it is possible to create 3D models with as much or as little equipment as is available or affordable. It is easy to create a basic model say of a gravestone or small statue using the camera on your smartphone or a point and click camera. Many phones and basic cameras allow you to change ISO and/or shutter speed so it is possible to get good results. It is also possible to get a good result using the automatic settings on your phone or camera without having to go into the settings of your device. To get better results, using a DSLR camera is your best option, particularly where the lighting conditions are trickier such as a dimly lit interior. To stop your phone or camera from shaking it is a good idea to set it on a tripod which will reduce the chance of blurry photos. It is also possible to mount your camera on an extendable pole (or even a selfie stick for your phone) which is useful when the object is larger, for instance a building or tall statue. Care should be taken with these as they could be dropped in windy conditions, and you should check there are no overhead services. Below is a list of what you need for carrying out photogrammetry for a simple object outdoors: • Smartphone or point and click camera with over 5 megapixels (though 8 megapixels would be best) • Free or open source photogrammetry software • A computer with decent specs (at least 8GB RAM and a dedicated graphics card) To get better results the following would come in handy depending on what you’re trying to achieve: • DSLR or Bridge camera • Paid unlimited photogrammetry software • Portable LED lighting • Tripod, camera pole, selfie stick • Portable camera tent and neutral backdrop • Turntable (for smaller object photogrammetry) Where can you display your 3D Models? Though there are a number of online websites where 3D models can be uploaded and displayed, by far and away the best is Sketchfab. Sketchfab is like the YouTube for 3D models and though there are yearly and monthly paid plans to use it, there is an unlimited free plan which meets the needs of most users. Sketchfab allows the editing of 3D models and the use of text captions, animation and sound so that it’s possible to present a professional looking 3D model. Many of the photogrammetry and 3D modelling software packages allow you to create basic animations with your 3D models which can be uploaded to YouTube or other similar websites. This is useful as sometimes more complicated models are hard to view on some computers, phones or tablets. It is also possible to link or embed 3D models and videos of them onto a website, blog post or social media. Below are some suggested links to collections of 3D models by: • Thomas Flynn on Monuments & Sites and on Museums, Galleries & Exhibitions; • the National Museum of Scotland on Scottish History and Archaeology; and • Dr Hugo Anderson-Whymark on Skara Brae : Structures. Case Study 1 – Cadder Parish Church, East Dunbartonshire My first attempt at photogrammetry was at Cadder Parish Church, East Dunbartonshire. The work was carried out as part of a small project which involved researching some of the history of the church and the village of Cadder. We brought in photogrammetry to help record architectural elements of the church, gravestones and other structures within the graveyard, such as a mortsafe and watch house used to stop grave robbing in the early 19th century. The resulting article shows the results that can be achieved using just a smartphone and free software to produce the model collection, though a higher spec computer was still needed to process the data. If high spec computers are not available then photogrammetry software such as Pix4Dmodel could be used, as it can be processed online via cloud processing meaning any computer can be used (though it has a monthly cost to it). Case Study 2 – Culzean Castle, South Ayrshire Rathmell Archaeology’s first use of photogrammetry was during excavations to look for the early 17th century walled garden within the Fountain Court of Culzean Castle. The excavation identified the SSW corner of the wall and the National Trust for Scotland asked for photogrammetry to be carried out for the excavated area. Aerial photo of the excavations at Fountain Court during the excavations. The on-site data was captured using a DSLR Camera after the excavation had just finished up. The photos were taken by circling the excavated area at a crouched and standing level with all of the photographs overlapping each other by at least 60%. The model was created with 3DF Zephyr Lite using over 200 of the photographs which were taken on site. The editing of photographs and processing of the images took 3-4 hours (using a PC with an NVidia Graphics Card). Screen Capture of the finished 3D Model Case Study 3 – 18th century Well at Levengrove Park, Dumbarton One of Rathmell Archaeology’s most recent uses of photogrammetry and 3D modelling was during the excavation of an 18th century well which had been exposed at Levengrove Park, Dumbarton after the storms of September 2018 blew over a tree (over a hundred years old) which had grown over it. The excavation involved the usual archaeological techniques such as shovelling and trowelling but also involved the clearing out of debris and water from the bottom of the well. The latter work was luckily carried out by West Dunbartonshire Council. View of the Levengrove well after excavation The on-site data was captured using a DSLR Camera after the excavation had just finished up. The photos were taken by circling the excavated area at a crouched and standing level. A series of higher angled photos were obtained using a 2-3m pole which the DSLR was mounted on. The camera mounted pole was also lowered carefully into the bottom of the well to capture data there. All of the photographs taken overlapped each other by at least 60% and a number of close up shots were also taken to try and get more detail of the stonework used in the well’s construction. The model was created with 3DF Zephyr Lite using over 300 of the photographs which were taken on site. The editing of photographs and processing of the images took 4-5 hours (using a PC with an NVidia Graphics Card). Using Camera mounted on pole to record the bottom of the well with mobile for DSLR remote. Another 3D model was taken after restoration works were completed at Levengrove Park so that the well could be displayed to the public safely. Screen capture of the 3D model of the well Created by Rathmell Archaeology for the Galloway Glens, March 2019. http://www.rathmell-arch.co.uk/  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – 3-D Modelling Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_116 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource A set of Technical Notes from community archaeology skills training workshops. archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/18/575/GGLP-CYDI-Technical-Note-7-Clatteringshaws-Hut-Circles.pdf 51bb43d4ae61defba810da3f74e02d70 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 7 Clatteringshaws Hut Circles Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Technical Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document OFFICIAL Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project – Technical notes. #7: The Hut Circles of Moss Raploch – Reconstructing the Iron Age Located within the Galloway Forest Park, the original site of Moss Raploch is within north-east corner of Clatteringshaws Loch (NX 55307765) east of the A712. Parking is available at the Forestry & Land Scotland visitor centre, located at Clatteringshaws Farm. Walking the path to Moss Raploch, you pass the remnants of the reconstruction. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL The discovery of submerged houses Clatteringshaws Loch was created in 1937 by the damming of the Black Water of Dee. This process flooded the surrounding landscape, including the bog at Moss Raploch. Progressive erosion over the following decades revealed in May 1974, during drainage operations, two hut circles on the bed of the reservoir at Moss Raploch. The Moss Raploch hut circles lay 80m apart on level ground on the east side of the valley, at a point where Clatteringshaws Lane flows westwards towards the Black Water of Dee. Both hut circles appeared as penannular stone banks 1.4m broad enclosing an area 5.5m in diameter. The excavations During July and August 1974 the more readily accessible hut circle was excavated due to the danger of further erosion damaging the archaeological site. The excavation, which covered an area 10m square, removed a residual thin layer of silt and peat to reveal over a brown loam extensively flecked with charcoal. Stripping off this loam revealed the floor plan of the hut. The circular interior contained as slight platform to the rear, defined by an arc of stones. A central hearth was identified formed by a 0.2m deep patch of reddened, heat affected clay. This clay, set into a pit, contained small fragments of burnt bone. The hearth was surrounded by a small area of paving, slightly recessed into the ground. The entrance the hut was located to the south-east arc of the structure, it was paved with a raised sill-stone that was embedded in the subsoil. The sill stone aligned with a possible setting of upright stones which projected towards the hearth creating a possible porch area. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Excavation plan of hut circle The hut’s wall, sectioned in the north and south, was shown to have a width of 1.4m. The wall was formed by kerb stones on the outer face, these were more evident in the southern arc, with a rubble core behind. There was no evidence that this wall was at any point more than a single course high. Post holes were uncovered on the inner face of this wall in the north, west and south of the interior, these post holes ranged from 0.25m-0.30m in diameter and were stone packed. The posts that would have rested in these holes presumably supporting the roof. Works outside the entrance revealed a narrow spread of rough paving forming a causeway that extended towards the course of the burn - though at the point where the ground falls to the burn the paving petered out. There was also a small cobbled surface that formed a rubble foundation measuring 0.8m by 1.2m in plan outside the entrance, extending from the hut in an irregular arc. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Finds There were very few finds from the excavation, suggesting that the occupants had regularly cleared the interior and that the structure had not been used for dumping after its abandonment. A small selection was recovered: from the cobbled foundation outside the hut a fragment of a blue glass ring and a flake of flint thought to be a scraper; from the causeway a fragment of white glass ring, streaked with blue and green; amongst the stones overlying the hearth a minute fragment of bone with incised cross hatching; and from the loam over the northwest arc of the hut wall a grooved whetstone of micaceous mudstone. The two glass ring fragments were tentatively ascribed a 1st to 2nd century AD date, suggesting a late Iron Age date for the settlement - during the Roman campaigns in Scotland. Grooved Whetstone Discussion Unenclosed round houses such as that at Moss Raploch are typically ascribed to the Bronze Age, the marked tendency being for round houses in the Iron Age to be sited within enclosures or to be of overly robust character. The dating evidence at Moss Raploch places this unenclosed round house in the late Iron Age, making the unenclosed and slight character of the site notable - OFFICIAL OFFICIAL perhaps a reminder that general trends in settlement do not constrain all settlement. In terms of the use of space, the Moss Raploch house exhibits many common characteristics from later prehistory. A circular floor plan with the entrance in the south east; interior space focused on a central hearth which has been formally constructed. There are no clear radial divisions, though the edge set stones forming the ‘porch’ do suggest some internal partitions. The raised platform to the rear is proposed by the excavator as for storage, though a sleeping platform has equal merit. The slight, but broad, form of the wall suggests the potential for turves to have been used in the superstructure. Equally the presence of only three earthfast timbers to support the roof (assuming all timbers were earthfast and not supported by heel stones) suggests that the typical architectural form of the time - a ring beam to support rafters forming a conical roof - is not credible. The overall picture is of a conventional floor plan and use of space, but with an unusual, slighter superstructure compared to most excavated examples of later prehistoric round houses. From Reconstructed Round House to Hut Circle The Forestry Commission (as they then were) decided to build a reconstruction of the Moss Raploch site next to the visitor centre at Clatteringshaws Loch. Given the uncertainty as to the roofing and form of the walls, a liberal interpretation was followed with the reconstruction owing more to better understood more substantial round houses. Over time the thatched roof was not renewed, the timber roof structure was removed and now only the stone wall remains - a modern hut circle, though still much more robust and substantial than the excavated site. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Reconstruction partway through loss of the superstructure Conclusion Moss Raploch provides us with a glimpse into a domestic native structure during the Roman campaigns in Galloway, challenging some of the easy assumptions as to the character and form of these buildings. The surviving reconstructed hut circle, while not representative in terms of its robustness, offers the ability to consider the use of space within such a home. Further Reading Condry, J & Ansell, M (1978) ‘The Excavation of a Hut Circle at Moss Raploch', Trans Dumfriesshire Galloway Natur Hist Antiq Soc, 3rd, vol. 53, 1977-8. Page(s): 103-113 Created by Rathmell Archaeology for the Galloway Glens, August 2019. http://www.rathmell-arch.co.uk/ OFFICIAL  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 7 Clatteringshaws Hut Circles Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_115 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource Prepared as part of the Galloway Glens Can You Dig It scheme, these notes summarise some of the historic archaeological excavations to have taken place in the Galloway Glens area. archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/18/574/GGLP-CYDI-Technical-Note-6-Castledykes-Kirkcudbright.pdf c3b037554900ffc6282292d5da811216 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 6 Castledykes, Kirkcudbright Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Technical Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document OFFICIAL Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project – Technical notes. #6: Castledykes – The Castle of the King PUBLISHED TUESDAY, 2 JULY 2019 Castledykes (NX 6771 5088) is located within Kirkcudbright, lying to the west of Kirkcudbright Academy and southeast of the sewage works. The monument is accessible by Castledykes road. It appears as a series of grassy banks with scrub woodland covering some portions of the site. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL It’s History The first mention of the castle at Kirkcudbright was in 1288, when John Comyn, sheriff of Wigtown, was noted as being the guardian of ‘the castle and lands which belonged to the King in Kirkcudbright’. This castle was probably the structure erected at Castledykes. The office of guardian was combined with that of Dumfries and Wigtown in 1291-2. Castledykes (centre) from an aerial image During the first phase of the Wars of Independence, Edward I evidently intended Kirkcudbright as a supply port when his fleet lay off the Dee estuary in 1300. The castle was held by the English throughout this period, with Edward I camping at Kirkcudbright for ten days in the summer of that year. Thereafter the king turned his attention to the east of Scotland, leaving the west to his son Edward who may have come to Kirkcudbright in July 1301. Kirkcudbright appears to have been used as supply base again in 1306. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL After Edward I’s death in 1307, the castle is unlikely to have been significantly used by the English, and the town was reported as waste in 1335-6. The castle of Kirkcudbright was included in a grant of the lordship of Galloway to Edward Bruce, brother of the king, in the early 14th century, but virtually nothing was heard of the castle after that date. There is no record that the castle was used at all by the Douglas family up until their forfeiture in 1455 and the castle probably lay in ruins. Sir Thomas Maclellan acquired the site in 1577 and he appears to have used much of the material from the castle to build his house (Maclellan’s Castle) which still stands within the town. In 1964 Castledykes was recognised as a nationally important site with the motte being designated (and so protected) as a scheduled monument The Excavations The motte at Castledykes was investigated through substantial excavation works by Robison in the 1911, 1912 and 1913. These works were successful in recording the foundation courses for the curtain wall and corner towers of what appeared to be the late 13th to early 14th century castle. The layout was revealed to be a rubble-built rectangular enclosure with a round tower at each corner. The eastern tower formed one side of two externally buttressed gatehouse towers, with the other sitting along the northeastern wall, placing the entrance for the castle as coming from the northeast. The buttresses on the gatehouse towers and the adjacent curtain wall are unusual for this period but it is possible that they were designed to carry machicolations near the wall-top, perhaps even arched, as seen at Haughton Castle, Northumberland. The footings at the western corner revealed this tower to be larger in size and it probably represented the keep. The plan reproduced by the excavators represents this tower as a later addition buttressing that corner of the enclosure inside and out, but this may perhaps represent the sequence of construction. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Plan showing Castledykes in relation to earthwork The latter tower and the one to the north both contained the remains of spiral staircases, which presumably gave access to the upper floors. Robison wrote that the defences of the outer bailey had disappeared but that he presumed they would have been on a stockade principle and, if so, that no trace of them would remain. These excavations followed the approach of ‘wall chasing’ - excavating a series of narrow linear trenches that followed obvious structures. While this was a common approach in the early 20th century, it is now considered a poor strategy as it fails to examine, in plan, the sequential development of sites. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Wall chasing trench from 1911 Since Robison’s work, there has only been two further instances of archaeological interventions at Castledykes, both of which were small-scale. In 2002, Brann monitored civil engineering test pits and boreholes in advance of a proposed expansion of the Waste Water Treatment Works. Another watching brief by Rathmell Archaeology in 2005 supported the construction of a pipeline running to the works close to the access road. No significant archaeological features or deposits were recorded by either. The Finds Artefacts recovered from the 1911-13 excavations included pottery sherds, fragments of ironwork and a small-toothed comb made from bone. The finds were discussed in more detail by Dunning, Hodges and Jope in 1957-58. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Depiction of imported jugs from Dunning, Hodges & Jope The pottery represented at least 50 jugs and four cooking pots. There were no dishes, bowls or more specialised shapes. At least six (and probably eight) of the jugs were imports from southwest France. Of the remaining, a variety of styles and fabrics suggested several different sources, some probably being brought from England. A number showed an underlying uniformity of fabric which could have been made at or near Kirkcudbright. The French pottery was identified as being late 13th to early 14th century in date, with one fragment coming from a medieval polychrome pitcher - the only example of this type from Scotland at the time of the article. The transport of this pottery has been associated with the extensive Gascon wine trade to Britain. These artefacts are held by Dumfries and Galloway Council within the collections of the Stewartry Museum. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Conclusion No upstanding structures remain of the castle and the site survives as a massive earthwork comprising a roughly oblong mound surrounded by a ditch. Excavations undertaken in the 1910s revealed the layout of the castle as a rectangular enclosure with a round tower at each corner and a substantial gatehouse to the northeast. Pottery sherds recovered from the excavations were dated to the late 13th to early 14th century, which matches with the short-lived period of use suggested by the historic references. Modern interpretation of the Motte placed in the Outer Bailey OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Further Reading Robison, J 1914 ‘Account of the excavation of the Edwardian Castle at Castledykes, Kirkcudbright’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Vol. 48 pp 381-394 Dunning, G C, Hodges, H W M and Jope, E M 1957-58 ‘Kirkcudbright Castle, its Pottery and Ironwork’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Vol. 91 pp 117-138 Created by Rathmell Archaeology for the Galloway Glens, July 2019. http://www.rathmell-arch.co.uk/ OFFICIAL  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 6 Castledykes, Kirkcudbright Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_114 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource Prepared as part of the Galloway Glens Can You Dig It scheme, these notes summarise some of the historic archaeological excavations to have taken place in the Galloway Glens area. archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/18/573/GGLP-CYDI-Technical-Note-5-Glenlochar-Roman-Fort.pdf 7b132fa4ea12479dc96d8947d5ca6df2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 5 Glenlochar Roman Fort Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Technical Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document OFFICIAL Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project – Technical notes. #5: Glenlochar Roman Fort “Great empires are not maintained by timidity” Tacitus PLUBLISHED TUESDAY, 4 JUNE 2019 Glenlochar Roman Fort is located on the east bank of the River Dee two miles north of Castle Douglas and approximately one mile north Threave Castle. The site is bisected by the modern day B795. It has had two residential properties constructed within what was the interior and has been overlain by rich arable fields. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Its History Originally misinterpreted as the remains of an Abbey, Glenlochar Roman Fort was first identified in 1949 by Dr Kenneth St. Joseph through the presence of cropmarks. St Joseph was an early pioneer of aerial photographic techniques, assisting in identifying countless sites across the British Isles. Five camps were also identified by St Joseph attesting the importance of this location for Roman activity in Scotland. Aerial photograph of Glenlochar Roman fort It was known at the time of discovery of the fort that there were a series of Roman sites lying along an east-west road running along the Solway coast. To the east on the Nith there are sites at Carzield from the Antonine period and at Dalswinton from the Flavian period. Further west there was a smaller fort at Gatehouse of Fleet, which was also discovered by St Joseph using aerial OFFICIAL OFFICIAL photography. The location of these forts along this westward road, coupled with the Roman road from Glenlochar, towards Ayrshire suggests the development of the Roman system of cordon control. The excavations The excavation at Glenlochar took place across March and April 1952. The excavation consisted of one main trench and two minor trenches. The trenches were laid out to assess the nature of the defences and to assess the layout of structures within the interior of the fort. Trench excavated during the 1952 season The excavated trenches revealed that there had been a series of three superimposed forts, which for the most part retained common alignments. The first had been constructed in the Flavian period and may have been OFFICIAL OFFICIAL destroyed by fire. The second was constructed in the Antonine period, while the third represented later improvements also during the Antonine period. To the north of this known fort, there is the suggestion there was an earlier Flavian (Agricolan) fort on a different site: a large ditch, visible on the aerial photographs at the northern end beyond the limits of the Antonine phases. This suggests that an earlier site may be situated just north of the B795 on the higher ground. Five Roman camps are also known at Glenlochar - showing the temporary encampment of military units - suggesting the importance of this location on the eastern bank of the Dee throughout the Roman campaigns in Scotland. The Finds 65 fragments of pottery were unearthed during the excavation in 1952. They came from 17 different vessels, of which it was possible to create drawings of 6 of the vessels. Of those 6 vessels which were reconstructed, 3 were coarse ware vessels, while the remaining 3 were of samian ware. The pottery recovered was able to assist in determining the stratigraphy and chronology of the site, with there being two distinct dated pottery types: a Flavian group and an early Antonine group. Conclusion The Roman activity is a reminder of the an Age of Invasion when the Roman empire controlled the indigenous populations of south west Scotland. The site represents repeated and continued attempts to assert some form of control/presence within the Galloway Glens area. The excavations have given us the briefest of insights into the importance of Glenlochar locally, but also suggest its importance in the large national narrative of the Roman occupation of Scotland. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Further Reading Richmond and St Joseph, I A and J K (1953) 'The Roman fort at Glenlochar, Kirkcudbrightshire', Trans Dumfriesshire Galloway Natur Hist Antiq Soc, 3rd, vol. 30, 1951-2. Page(s): 1-16 Jones, R (2011) Roman Camps in Scotland, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Page(s): 215-6 Created by Rathmell Archaeology for the Galloway Glens, June 2019. http://www.rathmell-arch.co.uk/ OFFICIAL  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 5 Glenlochar Roman Fort Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_113 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource Prepared as part of the Galloway Glens Can You Dig It scheme, these notes summarise some of the historic archaeological excavations to have taken place in the Galloway Glens area. archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/18/572/GGLP-CYDI-Technical-Note-4-Threave-Castle-Excavations.pdf cdcaf7f7708d69f0cef9893ea11be311 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 4 Threave Castle Excavations Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Technical Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document OFFICIAL Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project – Technical notes. #4: Excavation at Threave Castle – The Stronghold of the Black Douglases PUBLISHED TUESDAY, 7 MAY 2019 Threave Castle (NX 73920 62282) is located on a 10ha low-lying island within the River Dee, approximately 1.5m West of Castle Douglas. The Castle is in the care of Historic Environment Scotland and there are car parking facilities off the A75 at Kelton Mains. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL It’s History Threave Castle is not mention in the written records until 1400 when Archibald ‘The Grim’, the third Earl of Douglas died on the site. It is thought that Archibald The Grim commissioned the construction of the tower house in 1369 on the island after his elevation to the Lord of Galloway. Threave Castle remained the stronghold of the ‘Black Douglas’ family throughout the 15th century. The growing influence and power of the ‘Black Douglas’ family became a perceived threat to the Scottish Crown, which prompted extreme action by King James II, starting with the annexation of the Earldom of Wigtown in 1450. Then in 1452, James II murdered William, the 8th Earl of Douglas while he dined at Stirling Castle. In the summer of 1455 James laid siege to Threave Castle but failed to inflict substantial damage upon the Douglas’s stronghold. Only after a long siege and by bribing the garrison was James able to take the castle. Threave Castle and the lordship was taken into crown ownership and the ‘Black Douglas’ family destroyed. Through the subsequent centuries, Threave Castle waned in significance and was reported to have fallen to disrepair. In 1638 the Threave Castle was in the hands of Robert Maxwell, Earl of Nithsdale and keeper of Threave. Maxwell garrisoned a small number of men with a large amount of arms, ammunition and provisions within it to withstand a lengthy siege. This was in response to OFFICIAL OFFICIAL concerns about the Covenanters, who would ultimately lay siege to the Castle in 1640. Despite the improved heavy ordnance of the day at the disposal of the Covenanter force, they found that the defences at Threave Castle held fast, and the siege was broken only after the garrison were given royal permission to surrender. The War Committee of the Covenanters decided to systematically dismantle Threave Castle. Its stone was used in other construction projects and thereafter it was allowed to decay, apart from work being completed in the 19th century to enable the Tower House to house French prisoners of war. The Excavations The excavations at Threave Castle took place between 1974 and 1978, extensive trenching was conducted across the whole site, which covered both the landward and river defences, various structures and enclosure both external and internal. The excavations were too extensive to go into detail in this piece. The first phase of Douglas occupation saw the construction of a tower house in the 14th century, the excavation produced evidence that suggested that during the ‘Black Douglas’ Families occupation that Threave Castle was largely selfsufficient if evidence for activities such as wood-turning, smithing, lead smelting being carried out on the island. It was also suggested from the data gathered during the excavation that there was little in the way of new construction after the Threave Castle was removed from the Douglas family, the excavation showed that during the 16th century the turf bank of the N side of the tower-house was rebuilt and the main ditch was re-instated. During the 17th the main was recut again with an outer bank to the N and E, 2 new buildings were constructed and down pipe added to the tower house serving as a latrine. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL The Finds There was a large assemblage of finds recovered from Threave Castle, the assemblage was made up of a broad array of artefacts which were placed into 4 distinct phases to help create a material chronology for the site: Phase 1: Pre – Douglas (- 1370) Phase 2: Douglas era (1370 - 1455) Phase 3: Post – Douglas era (1455 - 1640) Phase 4: 1640 onwards Silver locket and seal of Douglas family crest from Threave Castle Numerous worked metal objects were recovered during the excavation many of these items were utilitarian in design knifes, handles from cooking pots, keys giving insight into a functioning community at the castle. There were also a small number of precious silver and gold artefacts recovered, including a silver Maltese cross and locket along with a gold earring and strap-end. Wooden objects were prominent in the assemble with many wooden vessels being discovered along with carpentry timbers, a wooden rudder was recovered from the harbour area, along with many leather finds such as shoes and off cuts. For a more detailed assessment of the artefacts please see the further reading. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Conclusion Threave Castle was the power base of the Black Douglases during the 15th century, the family rose to such prominence that it their influence became of concern to James II which ultimately led to the families demise, the castle sphere influence also waned shortly after, also with standing multiple sieges the changing political and military climate ultimately lead to the castle being put out of commission on purpose. The archaeological data from Threave Castle provides an insight to the workings of a medieval castle with evidence suggesting that the level of self-sufficiency on the island help make it the stronghold it was. Further Reading Good and Tabraham, G L and C J.(1981) 'Excavations at Threave Castle, Galloway, 1974-78', Medieval Archaeology, vol. 25, 1981. Page(s): 90-140 Created by Rathmell Archaeology for the Galloway Glens, May 2019. http://www.rathmell-arch.co.uk/ OFFICIAL  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 4 Threave Castle Excavations Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_112 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource Prepared as part of the Galloway Glens Can You Dig It scheme, these notes summarise some of the historic archaeological excavations to have taken place in the Galloway Glens area. archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/18/571/GGLP-CYDI-Techinical-Note-3-Park-of-Tongland.pdf cca1fbbf64c571bb888270b0120d480b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 3 Park of Tongland Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Technical Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project – Technical notes. #3: Park of Tongland Bronze Age cremation cemetery – A complex prehistoric site with unusual pottery… PUBLISHED: MONDAY, 1 APRIL 2019 Located west of the A711 and northwest of Tongland Park, Tongland Cemetery and standing stones occupies a small terrace overlooking the River Dee. The site’s location can be characterised as an undulating plateau which features a number of linear, north-south running rocky outcrops. The land is currently used as pasture. Its History The site was first interpreted as a stone circle by Coles in 1895, who noted on his plan a potential for the existence of an outer circle made up of much smaller stones. The outer circle was later dismissed by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland in 1914, on the basis that the smaller stones could not be absolutely associated with the standing stones. It was not until 1971 that Aubrey Burl classified the site as a ‘four poster’ stone circle. The Excavation The excavation by McCullagh of Tongland cemetery took place in 1987. The excavation area incorporated all three of the standing stones which made up the possible outer ring of stones first noted by Coles. It was deemed necessary at the time to undertake a full excavation, as there had already been considerable disturbance to the site. Plan from McCullagh excavations The excavation indicated that there were four sequential phases of activity. The first two phases were the most distinct, with the first phase consisting of the excavation of a series of burial pits and the erection of two standing stones. One of the standing stones had fallen before the second phase, which involved the construction of a cairn and the erection of two further standing stones. It should be noted that at no point were there more than three stones standing upright at any one time at Tongland. Radiocarbon dates recovered from the site supported the argument that the site was sequential, as opposed to multi-phase, as the dates were very close together. The burial rite exclusively involved cremation, with the large quantities of charcoal suggesting that these cremations would have taken place within the immediate surroundings of the site. The incomplete nature of the funerary deposits suggests that only a token deposit of bone from the cremated body was necessary to complete the funerary rite. The Finds The 1987 excavation unearthed a significant addition to the known Bronze Age pottery corpus from the south west of Scotland with the discovery of two collared urns and an accessory vessel. The materials used to manufacture them came from the local area, and it was suggested that their poor quality and mediocre character meant they may have been made by the same individual. The lattice decorated collared urn One of the funerary urns exhibited a repeated lattice pattern which had been incised into the surface of the clay before firing. This was unusual; while the pattern itself is not rare, it tends to be made by pressing a twisted cord into the clay rather than cutting into it. The morphology and decorative pattern of the two collared urns meant that they were interpreted as later in the sequence: an estimated date age range of c.1450 – 1250 BC was attributed to these objects on typological grounds, but unfortunately no radiocarbon dates were recovered which could support this. Its Current Status The excavations at Tongland Cemetery provided us with a rare excavated example of a Bronze Age cremation cemetery, giving us a glimpse into the funerary rites and traditions in the southwest of Scotland at this time. The work involved during the excavation and post-excavation phases, and the site’s subsequent publication, was part funded by Historic Scotland. The access route to the stones is signposted Three of the four standing stones can still be seen at the site today. It is still accessible through the farm via a route signposted on a barn as you approach. The site can be accessed using gate which respects the existing field boundary. No climbing is required. This archaeological site is protected as a Scheduled Monument and must not be disturbed. Further Reading Burl, A. (1976) The stone circles of the British Isles. London and New Haven Coles, F R. (1895) 'The stone circles of the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright', Proceedings of the Society of Antiquarians of Scotland, vol. 29 McCullagh, R. P. J. (1992). The Excavation of the Bronze Age Cemetery and Standing Stones at Park of Tongland, Kirkcudbright Dumfries and Galloway, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, vol 58 Created by Rathmell Archaeology for the Galloway Glens, April 2019. http://www.rathmell-arch.co.uk/  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 3 Park of Tongland Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_111 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource Prepared as part of the Galloway Glens Can You Dig It scheme, these notes summarise some of the historic archaeological excavations to have taken place in the Galloway Glens area. archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/18/570/GGLP-CYDI-Technical-Note-2-Carminnow.pdf fe9be615325a236fd664ebb8f06da7b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 2 Carminnow Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Technical Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document OFFICIAL Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project – Technical notes. #2: Carminnow Fort – A footnote in the career of V.G. Childe PULISHED: ·FRIDAY, 8 MARCH 2019 Located west of the B729 at Glenkens Fish Farm, just southeast of Carsphairn, are the remains of Carminnow Fort. The site lies within an area of rough pasture on the edge of the Galloway Forest Park, and is bounded to the southwest by Kendoon Loch. Today the site can be viewed via access through the fish farm. It was excavated and recorded by Australian-born archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe. Appointed Abercrombie Professor of Archaeology at Edinburgh University in 1927, Childe remained in this post for a further twenty years, during which time he worked extensively in Scotland. Its History The fort was first recorded in the 1890s as a ‘supposed Roman camp’ by Fredrick R. Coles: his survey, which provided descriptions and illustrations of motes and forts throughout the Mid Stewartry of Kirkudbright, was published in the 1892 volume of the Proceedings of the Society of Scotland. 1935 saw the excavations by Childe: these were followed in 1951 by a survey, conducted by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS). OFFICIAL OFFICIAL V. Gordon Childe 1852-1957 Vere Gordon Childe One of the most widely known archaeologists of the twentieth century, Childe was respected for his work in incorporating regional research into the broader picture of European and Near Eastern prehistory. With emphasis placed on technological advancement and the development of economic structures within human society, he become celebrated in particular for his theories of the Neolithic Revolution and the Urban Revolution. He also excavated some well-known Neolithic sites on Orkney, including the settlement of Skara Brae and the chambered tombs of Maeshowe and Quoyness. Childe was a known socialist, at a time when this was viewed with suspicion, and his work was deeply influenced by Marxist ideas, particularly with regard to how societies developed and changed over time. His penchant for poetry and fast cars was also widely known. Today, his theories have been largely disproved, but he remains a highly respected figure. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Coles' 1892 plan of Carminnow The site Carminnow provides us with an example of a promontory fort with triple ramparts: in plan, its interior is lozenge-shaped, measuring 45m x 59m in extent. The curving ramparts, which cut across the promontory, measure a maximum distance of 55m in length. The eastern edge of the promontory is the best preserved: here, two ramparts survive, standing 2.1m high to either side of an intervening ditch. To the west, both promontory and rampart are difficult to see. The site is not so well preserved now as it was in 1892, as at no point do all three ramparts survive together. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Section from the 1935 excavation The excavations Childe’s 1935 excavations of Carminnow Fort took place with funding assistance from Sir Alexander Gibb and Sir Robert Macalpine & Sons. Sections were cut through the inner rampart, revealing a core of large stones surrounded by earth and rubble packing. Childe notes that during the excavation, no evidence of any kind of structures was obtained from the fort’s interior. A small and modest selection of artefacts were recovered, including fragments of bone, two flint chips and a minute fragment of what was thought to be pottery. Although not the most glamorous of OFFICIAL OFFICIAL finds, they still indicted some form of occupation on the site. The results of the excavation were published in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Its Current Status On the 14th of December 1994, Carminnow was removed from the list of scheduled monuments as it no longer fulfilled the criteria for being of national importance. This was due in part to the raising of the water level of Kendoon Loch, which had caused much of the promontory to become submerged, leaving only fragments of the defensive ramparts exposed. These can still be viewed today. Despite the fort’s change in status, it remains an important site as the information obtained through excavation and recording is still invaluable in assisting archaeologists to research and categorise similar sites today. Further Reading Childe, V G. (1936b) '(1) Carminnow Fort; (2) Supplementary excavations at the vitrified fort of Finavon, Angus; and (3) some Bronze Age vessels from Angus', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol. 70, 1935-6. Page(s): 341-7 Coles, F R. (1892) 'The motes, forts, and doons of the Stewartry of Kirkcudbrightshire', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol. 26, 1891-2. Page(s): 166-9 fig.71 Created by Rathmell Archaeology for the Galloway Glens, March 2019. http://www.rathmell-arch.co.uk/ OFFICIAL  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Technical Notes – 2 Carminnow Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_110 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource Prepared as part of the Galloway Glens Can You Dig It scheme, these notes summarise some of the historic archaeological excavations to have taken place in the Galloway Glens area. archaeology GGLP