1 10 3 https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/19/576/GGLP-CYDI-Workshop-Notes-3-D-Modelling.pdf e37dd003e34b3d2d91eeb5a8392b942c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – 3-D Modelling Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Workshop Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project – Technical notes. 3D Models from Photographs Training Workshop Note PUBLISHED: MONDAY, 25 MARCH 2019 What are 3D models? 3D models are used in movies, animations and video games but are also used in many scientific fields and increasingly in recording built-heritage and archaeological sites and artefacts. 3D modelling is the process of creating a 3D representation or visualization of any surface or object by manipulating polygons, edges and vertices in a simulated 3D space. A physical version of this would be creating a papier mache model with a ridged frame of wire, over which paper pulp and glue would be spread to create a shape which once dried out would then be painted. This is essentially what happens virtually in your computer while making a 3D model. Quick overview on Digital Documentation There are various forms of digital documentation which can be for the recording of heritage objects or structures such as LIDAR (light detection and ranging), Laser Scanning, RTI (reflectance transformation imaging) and structure from motion (SFM) photogrammetry. All of these can produce 3D models or visualisations of varying scales and complexity. Lots of heritage organisations from local community groups through to the National Museum Scotland are beginning to utilise this new technology. Some of these technologies, such as laser scanning, can involve expensive equipment, software and training at the start. Luckily structure from motion photogrammetry (often called photo scanning) is a bit more accessible and more importantly, it’s cheap. Though you can spend a lot of money on creating 3D models through photogrammetry it is possible to use something as simple as the camera on your mobile, free or open source software found online and a modern pc or laptop (though without a good graphics card in it, creating a 3D model could take a while) and still get some pretty decent results. Some examples of the different larger projects that have made use of digital documentation are shown below: • Forth Bridges 3D Project • 3D Digital Documentation of Edinburgh Castle Fore Well • St Andrews University’s 3D reconstructions of parts of Edinburgh • Glasgow School of Art’s 2017 Degree Show (Shona Noble) visualisation (with sound) of Fingal’s Cave on the Isle of Staffa For more information on Digital Documentation you can download and read Historic Environment Scotland’s short guide. How do you create 3D models? 3D models can be created either manually (like papier mache models or sculpting with clay) using specialized 3D production software such as Blender or Maya that let users create and manipulate polygonal surfaces, or by scanning real-world objects through photogrammetry or laser scanning software, such as 3DF Zephyr, Agisoft Metashape or Meshroom, into a set of data points that can be used to represent the object digitally. With photogrammetry, the 3D model is created by first taking a series of overlapping photographs from as many different angles as possible of say, a tree stump, which you will then upload to your computer and process using the photogrammetry software of your choice. Depending on the software you use it is possible to edit your photos and set how detailed you want the resultant 3D model to be. General Rules for Data Capture for Photogrammetry are: • Do your best to keep the object or structure centred while framing your photos • With photogrammetry outdoors, it is best to avoid direct light sources (i.e. very sunny days) that may cast shadows and hide parts of the object or structure’s surface areas. With photogrammetry inside, you may have to add diffuse light sources, use a plain backdrop and possibly use a turntable for smaller portable objects in order to get good results • Try to avoid high ISO values on your camera as it can create a noisy background which will confuse photogrammetry software packages. An ISO value of 200-600 is a good rule of thumb, although usually the lower the better • Use a high aperture value (F/8 – F/16) for your camera as this will help with obtaining a deep depth of field for your photos • Keep your shutter speed at a higher value: 1/125 or more • Try not to take blurry photos. Using better quality cameras, having the right type of light or using a tripod can help reduce this risk • One of the most important rules is that you make sure your photos have at least a 60% overlap (though 70-80% would be better). Try to shoot as many photos you can. If you think you’re finished, take some more! • For an object like a statue or gravestone, you will need to circle it, taking photographs at 10° intervals, which will mean 36 photos for each circle. You should repeat this with the camera at different height levels (for instance crouching or standing) and at different distances from the object (sometimes getting very close if there are details on the object such as carvings on a gravestone). The number of photos you can use within the software may be hampered by the type of software you’re using (e.g. 3DF Zephyr Free only allows 50 photos) • You should also keep in mind when taking your photographs UK law with regards to privacy (near privately owned property) and/or protection of children (near schools or nurseries). It’s also a good idea to seek permission before you start to snap away. Listed below are the different types of software which can be used for photogrammetry and 3D modelling once you’ve acquired your photogrammetry data. There are also others available. Free Software: • 3DF Zephyr Free - Has a limit of 50 photos per model but other than that, perfect for starting out. • Meshroom - Very new software which is very good but you need to use other software to upload to Sketchfab. Hopefully new versions will allow this in the future. • 3D Regard - Good, but slow, free software, though needs to be edited in other software. • Visual SFM - Good, but slow, free software though needs to be edited in other software. Paid Software: • 3DF Zephyr (Lite & Pro) - Fast software though the Lite version is limited to 500 photos (permanent licence £127-£3,300) • Agisoft MetaShape - Fast software though the standard version has limited functionality (permanent licence £135-£2,634) • Reality Capture - One of the fastest softwares out there with plenty of functionality (£85 for 3 months or £3,420-£13,000 for a permanent licence) • Pix4Dmodel - Good software with plenty of functionality. Cloud processing allows people with older computers to create 3D models online (£36 a month & free trial) • PhotoModeler - Good software with plenty of functionality (£37 a month, £750 for a permanent licence & free trial) • AutoDesk ReCap - Fast software with plenty of functionality (£42 a month & free trial) 3D modelling software (for editing & uploading): • Blender - Allows the creation of 3D models from scratch, editing of 3D models, upload to SketchFab and many other uses (free) • Maya - Allows the creation of 3D models from scratch, editing of 3D models, upload to SketchFab and many other uses (£216 a month & free trial) • Meshlab - Allows the editing of 3D models and upload to SketchFab. Difficult interface (free) • 3DS Max - Similar software & pricing as Maya. What Equipment do you need to do Photogrammetry? As mentioned above, it is possible to create 3D models with as much or as little equipment as is available or affordable. It is easy to create a basic model say of a gravestone or small statue using the camera on your smartphone or a point and click camera. Many phones and basic cameras allow you to change ISO and/or shutter speed so it is possible to get good results. It is also possible to get a good result using the automatic settings on your phone or camera without having to go into the settings of your device. To get better results, using a DSLR camera is your best option, particularly where the lighting conditions are trickier such as a dimly lit interior. To stop your phone or camera from shaking it is a good idea to set it on a tripod which will reduce the chance of blurry photos. It is also possible to mount your camera on an extendable pole (or even a selfie stick for your phone) which is useful when the object is larger, for instance a building or tall statue. Care should be taken with these as they could be dropped in windy conditions, and you should check there are no overhead services. Below is a list of what you need for carrying out photogrammetry for a simple object outdoors: • Smartphone or point and click camera with over 5 megapixels (though 8 megapixels would be best) • Free or open source photogrammetry software • A computer with decent specs (at least 8GB RAM and a dedicated graphics card) To get better results the following would come in handy depending on what you’re trying to achieve: • DSLR or Bridge camera • Paid unlimited photogrammetry software • Portable LED lighting • Tripod, camera pole, selfie stick • Portable camera tent and neutral backdrop • Turntable (for smaller object photogrammetry) Where can you display your 3D Models? Though there are a number of online websites where 3D models can be uploaded and displayed, by far and away the best is Sketchfab. Sketchfab is like the YouTube for 3D models and though there are yearly and monthly paid plans to use it, there is an unlimited free plan which meets the needs of most users. Sketchfab allows the editing of 3D models and the use of text captions, animation and sound so that it’s possible to present a professional looking 3D model. Many of the photogrammetry and 3D modelling software packages allow you to create basic animations with your 3D models which can be uploaded to YouTube or other similar websites. This is useful as sometimes more complicated models are hard to view on some computers, phones or tablets. It is also possible to link or embed 3D models and videos of them onto a website, blog post or social media. Below are some suggested links to collections of 3D models by: • Thomas Flynn on Monuments & Sites and on Museums, Galleries & Exhibitions; • the National Museum of Scotland on Scottish History and Archaeology; and • Dr Hugo Anderson-Whymark on Skara Brae : Structures. Case Study 1 – Cadder Parish Church, East Dunbartonshire My first attempt at photogrammetry was at Cadder Parish Church, East Dunbartonshire. The work was carried out as part of a small project which involved researching some of the history of the church and the village of Cadder. We brought in photogrammetry to help record architectural elements of the church, gravestones and other structures within the graveyard, such as a mortsafe and watch house used to stop grave robbing in the early 19th century. The resulting article shows the results that can be achieved using just a smartphone and free software to produce the model collection, though a higher spec computer was still needed to process the data. If high spec computers are not available then photogrammetry software such as Pix4Dmodel could be used, as it can be processed online via cloud processing meaning any computer can be used (though it has a monthly cost to it). Case Study 2 – Culzean Castle, South Ayrshire Rathmell Archaeology’s first use of photogrammetry was during excavations to look for the early 17th century walled garden within the Fountain Court of Culzean Castle. The excavation identified the SSW corner of the wall and the National Trust for Scotland asked for photogrammetry to be carried out for the excavated area. Aerial photo of the excavations at Fountain Court during the excavations. The on-site data was captured using a DSLR Camera after the excavation had just finished up. The photos were taken by circling the excavated area at a crouched and standing level with all of the photographs overlapping each other by at least 60%. The model was created with 3DF Zephyr Lite using over 200 of the photographs which were taken on site. The editing of photographs and processing of the images took 3-4 hours (using a PC with an NVidia Graphics Card). Screen Capture of the finished 3D Model Case Study 3 – 18th century Well at Levengrove Park, Dumbarton One of Rathmell Archaeology’s most recent uses of photogrammetry and 3D modelling was during the excavation of an 18th century well which had been exposed at Levengrove Park, Dumbarton after the storms of September 2018 blew over a tree (over a hundred years old) which had grown over it. The excavation involved the usual archaeological techniques such as shovelling and trowelling but also involved the clearing out of debris and water from the bottom of the well. The latter work was luckily carried out by West Dunbartonshire Council. View of the Levengrove well after excavation The on-site data was captured using a DSLR Camera after the excavation had just finished up. The photos were taken by circling the excavated area at a crouched and standing level. A series of higher angled photos were obtained using a 2-3m pole which the DSLR was mounted on. The camera mounted pole was also lowered carefully into the bottom of the well to capture data there. All of the photographs taken overlapped each other by at least 60% and a number of close up shots were also taken to try and get more detail of the stonework used in the well’s construction. The model was created with 3DF Zephyr Lite using over 300 of the photographs which were taken on site. The editing of photographs and processing of the images took 4-5 hours (using a PC with an NVidia Graphics Card). Using Camera mounted on pole to record the bottom of the well with mobile for DSLR remote. Another 3D model was taken after restoration works were completed at Levengrove Park so that the well could be displayed to the public safely. Screen capture of the 3D model of the well Created by Rathmell Archaeology for the Galloway Glens, March 2019. http://www.rathmell-arch.co.uk/  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – 3-D Modelling Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_116 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource A set of Technical Notes from community archaeology skills training workshops. archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/19/577/GGLP-CYDI-Workshop-Notes-Survey-Techniques.pdf ce925ebe5b37f17b03a3073107dbf927 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – Survey Techniques Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Workshop Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document OFFICIAL Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project. Survey Skills - Training Workshop Note Surveying A major part of all archaeological work is to accurately record your subject material, be that a historic standing building, a prehistoric standing stone or whatever has been uncovered within a trench that you’ve just excavated. Most archaeologists these days will use the most up-to-date surveying techniques and equipment such as total stations and global positioning systems (GPS), which are expensive and require extensive training, but they also still use older, more simple methods such as baseline (tape and offset) and plane table surveys. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Scale Making sure your survey is scaled properly is important. Most archaeological excavation drawings use large scales such as 1:10 or 1:20, but for surveying small earthworks or historic structures in the wider landscape, a smaller scale is often used such as 1:50 or 1:100. If you’re surveying a larger number of structures or a large earthwork, you may opt for an even smaller scale such as 1:500 or 1:1000. Below is a quick guide for these various scales: • 1:10 - 1m in the real world is 100mm on your drawing • 1:20 - 1m ... is 50mm • 1:50 - 1m ... is 20mm • 1:100 - 1m ... is 10mm • 1:500 - 1m ... is 2mm • 1:1000 - 1m ... is 1mm Baseline (Tape & Offset) Survey A baseline survey is a method of recording archaeological sites by creating a scaled drawing using 30m and 50m measuring tapes, pegs and a wooden drawing board covered with graph paper and drafting film (commonly known as permatrace), as well as assorted stationery. The main baseline is set out close to the subject matter (such as a ruined medieval building or prehistoric cairn). The baseline is replicated to scale on your drawing board and then measurements, offsets, are taken at right angles between the baseline and the subject matter. The result of this on your OFFICIAL OFFICIAL drawing will be, for instance, the curve of one side of a cairn or the corner or sides of a building. The baseline can also be easily extended using scaled ranging poles (2m high). You simply place one at the start of your baseline and one at the end. Then stretch out another tape from the endpoint to the desired length and use a third pole, which will need to be lined up with the other poles on the first stretch of the main baseline. Judging the right angle of an offset from the baseline at short distances (2-3m) can often be done by eye, but error can easily creep in at longer distances. To get around this, it is sometimes best to create one or more secondary baselines off the main or starting baseline. This can easily be done by using the Pythagoras’ Theorem of the 3:4:5 triangle, which can be extended to create 10m or 20m baselines (6:8:10 and 12:16:20 triangles). These secondary baselines are used in exactly the same way as the main one, and further baselines can be extended off them too, so that the entirety of your subject matter can be recorded from every angle. Baseline Survey at Old Kirk, Kelton (June 2019) OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Problems can occur where the ground is uneven, there are high walls, or the ground slopes etc. These can be solved by using ranging poles at both ends of the offset to raise the measuring tape (sometimes using a spirit level). This means hard-to-access parts of your subject matter, such as the inner face of a buildings wall, can also be surveyed. Plane Table Survey A plane table survey is another method of recording archaeological sites which utilises a drawing board (which is covered graph paper and drafting film) attached to a survey tripod, a 30m or 50m tape, pegs, plumb bob, spirit level, a 2m ranging pole and assorted stationery. Another piece of specialist equipment needed is an ‘alidade’, which is essentially a flat, ruler-shaped object, which could be made from metal, wood or plastic. At both ends of the alidade are two attached upright sights. This type of survey has been in use from at least the 16th century in Europe, although it may have been in use long before this. The alidade itself dates to at least the 15th century, but again may be older, and has Arabic origins - ‘alʽiḍāda’ meaning the revolving radius of a circle. The survey process starts with the alidade being placed flat upon the drawing board and set against a drawing pin which marks the centre point of the board. A plumb bob is then attached to the underside of the drawing board so that it directly overlies a survey point on the ground (usually marked out with a wooden or plastic peg). The end of the 30m or 50m tape is then held at the peg at ground level or at the drawing pin marking the centre of the board. The other end of the tape and a 2m survey pole are then placed at a point of interest on your subject matter (e.g. the wall of a building or edge of a ditch) and the sights of the alidade are used to line up with the survey pole. A line is drawn along the edge of the alidade from the centre point on the drawing board, and a scale ruler used to accurately mark the point of interest on your OFFICIAL OFFICIAL drawing. This process continues until you have fully recorded your subject matter, or recorded as much as can be seen from your initial survey point. Plane Table Survey at Polmaddy deserted settlement (July 2019) Further survey points on the ground can be added so that the hard-to-access parts of your survey subject matter can be recorded, such as the rear of a tall building or large earthwork. To do this, first ensure that both your original and new survey points are recorded on your first drawing. Set up the plane table, with a fresh sheet of drafting film on the board, over the new survey point and make sure as before that both the new and old survey points are on the new drawing. The drawings can then later be combined by overlaying them, making sure the recorded survey points line up. This allows a final drawing of the subject matter to be completed. OFFICIAL OFFICIAL Extending your Survey Techniques Baseline and plane table techniques are how most archaeological surveys are carried out, but there are variations of these surveys and also other types of field survey which you can try your hand at. For more information on archaeological surveying, you should check out the ‘Scotland’s Rural Past’ website, a project that ran from 2006 to 2011. This project was run by the Royal Commission for Ancient and Historical Monuments (now Historic Environment Scotland) to help local communities across the country record historic rural settlements. They produced an online book which shows a range of techniques, such as baseline and plane table surveying which you can try out. Tying Surveys into Ordnance Survey Mapping With both of the above techniques, it can be useful to tie your survey into modern Ordnance Survey mapping. If you have a handheld GPS device which has reasonable accuracy, then points and/or coordinates can be taken on your survey points or at the endpoints of your baseline. A simpler method would be to survey in existing geographic features such field boundaries, streets or buildings and to use this data such that you can overlay your survey with existing Ordnance Survey mapping. Producing an Illustration from the Survey There are different ways in which to create a finished illustration from your survey work. You can simply overlay the various elements of your survey and mapping and trace with ink pens, which can take a bit of time and is easy to make mistakes. An alternative is to use illustration software such as Adobe Illustrator (quite expensive but there are trial & student versions) or open- OFFICIAL OFFICIAL source software (free) such as Inkscape. Note that these options require a scanner for your computer. Illustration of the inn at Polmaddy from survey data using Inkscape (July 2019) Created by Rathmell Archaeology for the Galloway Glens, December 2019. http://www.rathmell-arch.co.uk/ OFFICIAL  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – Survey Techniques Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_117 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource A set of Technical Notes from community archaeology skills training workshops. archaeology GGLP https://glenkensarchive.scot/glenkens_archive/files/original/19/578/GGLP-CYDI-Workshop-Notes-Web-based-Research.pdf fefd00bf9294a2d767cee45e25b68f9a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – Web Based Research Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Workshop Notes Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document PUBLIC Galloway Glens ‘Can You Dig It’ Community Archaeology project – Technical notes. Web-based Heritage Research Training Workshop Note PUBLISHED: ·TUESDAY, 19 MARCH 2019 There are a range of resources available which provide information on the historic environment. Those listed here either provide all-Scotland coverage or are regional resources specific to the Galloway Glens area. Even when a resource has national coverage, this does not necessarily mean that the data held is of a consistent level across the resource. Canmore The ideal starting point for any web-based research is Canmore, compiled and maintained by Historic Environment Scotland. This is an online public archive and database, which forms a record of the archaeological and historical environment in Scotland. It contains details of over 320,000 archaeological sites, monuments, buildings and maritime sites - together with an index to the drawings, manuscripts and photographs held in the National Record of the Historic Environment - which can be searched via database query. Images of over 80,000 of the photographs or drawings in the collection are also available in Canmore. PUBLIC PUBLIC The information held there has come from a range of sources, ranging from professional archaeologists to amateur antiquarians, which has been amassed over more than a century. It also incorporates work carried out by archaeologists working for the Ordnance Survey. Much, however, was generated through the work of staff working for the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (who continue this role today as part of Historic Environment Scotland). It is the changing character of their work which has shaped and defined the scope and quality of the information held within the National Record of the Historic Environment. To understand the complexity of Canmore, it is useful to have some knowledge of the way in which the Commission’s role has changed since their creation. For many years, one of their primary roles was to compile and maintain an ‘Inventory’ of monuments. These originally were comprehensive hardbound volumes, often generated using the results of detailed field surveys produced on a county basis. Produced from 1911 to 1992, some 25 volumes were prepared, covering approximately 22 counties. The commission ceased production of Inventories in 1992, recognising that the format no longer met their objectives effectively. Their focus then changed to survey and publication work specifically targeted towards areas perceived to be under threat. These took the form of the Sites and Monuments volumes, produced on a more expedient basis to address those areas of Scotland experiencing rapid development pressure. Produced between 1978 and 1989, these volumes covered large areas of the north-east, central belt and northern isles. This work was followed between 1989 and 1998 with the Afforestable Land Survey, which targeted strategic areas where afforestation was anticipated, typically marginal ground in upland rural areas. During this period the Commission surveyed large areas of ground with a view to identifying and characterising the archaeology. While all of this data fed into Canmore, some was also published in thematic or areabased volumes (e.g. Glenesslin Nithsdale) Taking a more thematic approach was the First Edition Survey Project, a 6-year project which covered the whole of Scotland and which identified over 26,000 unroofed buildings depicted on the first edition Ordnance Survey maps of Scotland. PUBLIC PUBLIC The aim was to plot the changing character of Scotland’s rural landscape during the late 18th and 19th centuries. The summary results of the survey are published in But the Walls Remained, together with more information about the research value of early Ordnance Survey maps and descriptions of the common types of settlement and landscape features. All data has been integrated into Canmore, and it can provide a useful starting point for those embarking on a detailed study of medieval or later rural settlement. Now part of Historic Environment Scotland, their staff continue to develop and undertake a range of field survey projects that seek to record endangered or poorly understood elements of the historic environment. These projects can focus on large survey areas such as Donside, Canna or Holyrood Park. PastMap All the above have significantly enriched Canmore, but they are generated in a geographically proscribed manner. To the casual user, Canmore may be a difficult resource to work with, as there are so many variables in the searches. Finding a specific site can therefore be tricky, although for general searches, such as providing information on every Bronze Age cairn in a certain parish, it can be useful. But there are alternative ways of accessing this data, which some may find a more user-friendly approach. These take the forms of map-based searches, which allow the user to identify known sites visually. Canmore itself has a map-based websearch facility, but an alternative resource is available in PastMap, a map-based web tool produced by Historic Environment Scotland which - as well as providing point locations for every site, building, maritime feature or find recorded in Canmore, displays the location of: listed buildings; the boundaries of Scheduled Monuments; the boundaries of designed landscapes and gardens. Here, the query system links the map depiction of each mapped element through to the underlying data explaining what each element represents. PUBLIC PUBLIC PastMap also allows access to information held by the Historic Environment Record of Dumfries and Galloway Council. This is the database maintained by the local authority archaeologist, and it can be accessed independently of the Canmore site. The HER should be the first port-of-call when reporting new information about known sites or new discoveries throughout the area covered by the Galloway Glens Landscape Project. So far, we have found out how to identify what sites are known, by examining information in a database which allows us to learn what a particular site is, where it is located, and how much - if any- archaeological work has been done previously there in the past. We’ve examined resources which locate these sites on a modern map, but this is merely the starting point for a much more complex and enriching process. Let’s turn now to historic mapping - for this resource, the main repository is undoubtedly the National Libraries of Scotland of which the National Map Library of Scotland is a part. National Libraries The National Libraries of Scotland (NLS) has its roots in the late 17th century, and was given legal rights to claim a copy of every book published in Britain in 1710. It is one of only 6 legal deposit libraries in Britain and Ireland, and now holds 14 million printed items and 100,000 manuscripts, as well as maps and other items. It should be considered a primary source of reference material for background reading relating to the historic environment, including most – if not indeed all – of the journal runs and major publications listed below. Its Rare Book Collections also include works pertinent to Scotland’s history and built environment. Forming part of the NLS is the National Map Library of Scotland. With over 2 million maps in its collections, the Map Library allows access to some of the most important maps of Scotland produced between 1560 and 1928. Many of these are now web-mounted – these include maps of 16th and 17th century date by the celebrated mapmakers Pont and Blaeu, 18th century military maps; 18th and 19th PUBLIC PUBLIC marine maps; and Ordnance Survey large scale Scottish Town plans, printed between 1847 and 1895. While there are a broad range of cartographic sources available, two prominent national survey programmes are particularly worthy of mention. The first is the Military Survey of Scotland, which was the first systematic survey of mainland Scotland and is an excellent source for research. The maps show settlements, cultivation, woodland, parkland, roads and tracks in colour at a scale of one inch to 1000 yards (1:36000). This is an important source as it records the preimprovement landscape, but it should be used with caution as the mapping can be inaccurate and inconsistent while the Gaelic place names can be unreliable. The second is provided by the Ordnance Survey mapping programmes, which began mapping rural Scotland in 1843, at a scale of six inches to the mile (1:10560). This scale is large enough to show individual buildings, roads and field systems. The country was surveyed by county, with each county then re-surveyed on two occasions - it is the initial First Edition of this mapping sequence that provided the data for the First Edition Survey Section which was mentioned previously in the section devoted to Canmore. Providing an important accessory to the First Edition Ordnance Survey maps is the Name Book, in which surveyors recorded the authorities used for every name which appeared on the map sheet. A short description of each feature is included (eg 'a small farmhouse with suitable offices, one storey, thatched and in poor repair') along with the name of the proprietor. This is a valuable resource which can assist in understanding the rural structures and settlement depicted, and it is amongst the varied range of resources which can be accessed via the on-line web resource Scotland’s Places. PUBLIC PUBLIC Maps and Mapping We’ll be learning more about Scotland’s Places later, but before we leave the subject of mapping, there’s one last resource to mention. This is DAMP, the Dumfries Archival Mapping Project which has been web-mounting estate maps and plans throughout Nithsdale and will be doing the same for material in Stewartry and the Galloway Glens Landscape Project area. These plans can be accessed via the National Map Library of Scotland on-line web portal. Please bear in mind, however, that these are organised according to parish, so you’ll have to have a broad understanding of your location before you start using this resource. We’ve seen already how data from historic mapping was used by staff of the thenRCAHMS to create the First Edition Survey Project; before moving on from mapping, mention should also be made of the Historic Land Use Assessment project, still ongoing under the direction of Historic Environment Scotland. Developed as a map-based analysis of past and present-day land use throughout Scotland, this resource provides a categorisation system for landscape history. Each area with similar origins has been given one of 55 Historic Land-use Types, which also allocates it a Category group, or a Period of origin. Wherever past landuse is detected it is recorded as a Relict Category, Period and Type. This categorisation is largely based on cartographic sources; while ground testing is undertaken to support the assessment where map-based research proves inconclusive, general survey is not carried out. Forming a modern counterpoint to traditional mapping techniques is aerial imagery. The National Collection of Aerial Photographs. held and maintained by Historic Environment Scotland, contains a broad range of aerial images generated from the 1930s onwards. These include: RAF training, reconnaissance and camouflage survey images; Luftwaffe imagery; oblique imagery from RCAHMS sponsored flights; and late-20th century imagery from Ordnance Survey and other mapping projects. PUBLIC PUBLIC Access to some aerial imagery can be carried out via Canmore, but a much broader range can be viewed via a web-mounted application set up by the National Collection of Aerial Photographs. This helps users to locate aerial photographs held in the collections, containing details of flight plots which illustrate where there will be vertical aerial photographic coverage. Images can be viewed without charge, but only at a very small size - in order to obtain a detailed image, a visit to the Collections is required, or a digital file must be ordered. These images can be useful when viewing areas which were subject to afforestation in the post-war period - RAF sorties in particular may show these locations prior to planting, and hence depopulated settlements in particular may be revealed in some detail. Up-to-date satellite imagery can also be a valuable source of information, via commercial websites such as Google Earth or Google Maps. This is particularly useful if you’re looking to find out about a particular location’s current land use. So far, we’ve found out how to find out what known sites are present in the landscape, and we’ve also explored the historic mapping and aerial imagery resources which can show us how the landscape evolved in modern times, and following on from that - help us to establish how well a site may have survived to the present. We can also use historic mapping and aerial imagery to identify potential new sites within the landscape. All this is particularly useful for relatively ‘modern’ sites, in particular for farms and settlements of post-medieval and modern date. We’ve also seen how this kind of data can be used to create detailed pictures of change in the landscape, through the Historic Land Use Assessment project. PUBLIC PUBLIC Historic Land Use Assessment The Historic Land Use Assessment provides a very broad overview of the landscape and its evolution, but for those who are interested, there are web-based resources which can provide a more specialised and localised insight into the environment. These rely on excellent levels of preservation in the environmental data (such as pollen) and therefore they are linked with wetland locations. Two main specialist datasets are available, covering differing aspects of the historic environment. The first is the Scottish Palaeoecological Archive Database produced jointly by the University of Edinburgh and the then-Historic Scotland, this resource provides information on sites in Scotland where evidence of past environments has been preserved in the ‘natural archives’ of peat bogs, mires and lochs. By studying such evidence (which includes fossil plants and pollen, animal bones and sediments), palaeoecologists can reconstruct past ecosystems and study their change over time. To date, information relating to the area of the Galloway Glens and its immediate environs is limited. The Scottish Wetlands Archaeological Database is perhaps more interesting to the general user, as it integrates archaeological information with environmental data. It contains 6,000 records and highlights the importance of wetlands as repositories of archaeological information. The information held in the database was generated by combining digital overlays of wetland sites defined using information obtained from Scottish Natural Heritage and the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, with archaeological information held in Canmore. Created in order to produce a fuller understanding of the potential of Scottish wetland archaeology, it can also be used as a management tool and a source of information for interpretative schemes. PUBLIC PUBLIC Journals Much of the emphasis so far has been on archaeological sites relating to the recent past, but those of you with an interest in prehistory or the medieval period, we’ve seen how Canmore and the Scottish Wetland Archaeological Database can help you learn more. Even more detailed information is available in a number of journals which have direct relevance to the study of the historic environment in Scotland and that’s true of the post-medieval and modern periods, too. These journals often have extensive runs but can be difficult to source - helpfully, one of the roles of Historic Environment Scotland is to collate, synthesise and integrate information derived from such journals and include it within the National Record of the Historic Environment. However, this is not a verbatim transfer of information and more data is almost invariably retained in the primary source, which are referenced from the Canmore entries. A list of the better-known journals is included here, to give some idea of what is available. Most are available only as hard copies which can be viewed in major libraries, but some are now web-mounted. Those that can be accessed free-of-charge as web-mounted documents can be accessed via links provided. • Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (1792 - present) – a platform for the publication of articles concerned with archaeology and antiquarian studies across Scotland • Transactions of the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society (1862-present) - a journal dedicated to the natural history, archaeology and history of Dumfries and Galloway. • Council for Scottish Archaeology’s Discovery and Excavation in Scotland (1947 - present) – this provides an annual gazetteer of archaeological projects undertaken in Scotland; • Scottish Archaeological Journal (1969 - present) – formerly known as Glasgow Archaeological Journal, this journal has, in recent years, transformed PUBLIC PUBLIC itself from a regional journal focussing mainly on western Scotland to a publication with a broader scope of interest encompassing the whole of Scotland. Scottish Archaeological Forum Monographs (1969 - 1981) – these • comprise the published proceedings of the various conferences hosted by SAF. All contain some material which is relevant to Scotland, with many volumes devoted entirely to aspects of Scottish archaeology and the built heritage. • Vernacular Buildings, Scottish Vernacular Buildings Working Group Journal (1975 – present) – devoted to the publication of articles relating to Scotland’s smaller traditional buildings, built using local materials and methods. There are also a range of United Kingdom (or International) journals that can include articles directly relating to the archaeology and/or built heritage of Scotland, and its place in a wider national or even international context. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society – publishes papers on all aspects of • prehistory with an emphasis on the British Isles, Europe, SW Asia, and the countries bordering the Mediterranean; • Britannia – dedicated to the archaeology of Roman Britain; • Medieval Archaeology – the aims of this publication are to support and advance the study of the medieval period (5th– 16th century AD) in Britain and Ireland; • Post-Medieval Archaeology - a bi-annual journal devoted to the study of the material evidence of European society wherever it is found throughout the world; • Industrial Archaeology Review – covers all practical aspects of recording, surveying, excavation, interpretation, conservation and protective legislation relating to the surviving evidence of industrial activity; and • Garden History - its aim is to advance understanding of the history and conservation of gardens and designed landscapes. PUBLIC PUBLIC In addition, there have been, or continue to be, a number of critical national specialists’ syntheses or surveys that provide a valuable source of information at the national level as to the character of the historic environment. These include: • Pevesner Buildings of Scotland - Produced by the Buildings Books Trust detailing the architectural history of the regions of Scotland; • Industrial Archaeology of Scotland – Two volumes by prominent industrial archaeologist, John Hume, devoted to the industrial archaeology of Scotland. Published in the 1970’s, Volume I is devoted to Lowland, and Volume II to Highland, Scotland. The author gives detailed but succinct summaries of a variety of industrial buildings, presented on a county-by-county basis; • A Guide to the Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland – a 19th century series authored by architectural historians MacGibbon and Ross which is still considered an important primary source and a definitive guide to medieval and early post-medieval buildings in Scotland; • A Guide to the Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland – as Castellated & Domestic Architecture (above), but devoted to churches, cathedrals and other religious buildings of medieval and early post-medieval date. This summary of journals and syntheses shows just how diverse the study of our past can be, and how many specialist offshoots there are. Whatever your site of interest, it’s almost guaranteed that someone, somewhere, will have carried out a more detailed investigation of the type or class of monument that this site represents. Many of the journals listed above are produced by specialist societies such as the Association for Industrial Archaeology, or the Society for Medieval Archaeology, but others represent resources compiled by institutions or even, in some cases, individuals. PUBLIC PUBLIC Other resources For those interested in industrial archaeology, an extremely useful resource is provided by the Scottish Mining Website, which provides detailed information relating to all aspects of Scottish extractive industries. Another interesting site to visit is Scotland’s Brick Manufacturing Industry, which provides information relating to the numerous brick manufacturers operating in Scotland during the 19th and 20th centuries. If your interest lies in historic church sites, then the Historic Churchyards of Dumfries and Galloway is worth exploring, while for those whose interest lies in Medieval or Later Rural Settlement (the Raiders Road sites provide us with typical examples of this kind of site), the website Scotland’s Rural Past project will be of interest. Scotland’s Rural Past (SRP) was a five-year (2006-11), nationwide project, which supported local communities across Scotland in the investigation of deserted rural settlements dating from the medieval and post-medieval periods. The website remains as a free resource which provides guidance of the research, identification, recording and protection of Medieval or Later Rural Settlement. Museums / archives Looking more broadly at artefacts originating from the prehistoric period onwards, we increasingly find that the accessioned items which make up museum collections are being more widely shared on line as digital records and - often - images. The Future Museum initiative, which highlights the collections of museums throughout Dumfries and Galloway and Ayrshire, has a map-based search element which links sites and objects. The National Museums of Scotland has an on-line search facility for its collections, but at present this is poorly populated in terms of the images available. Also worth a look is the British Museum on-line collections database, which holds some material from the Galloway Glens area. PUBLIC PUBLIC Another site which includes information and images relating to artefacts is Scran, a learning image services which currently hosts over 490,000 images, movies and sound clips derived from museums (including the National Museums of Scotland), archives, galleries and other institutions. including the media. Scran - formerly part of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, but now run by Historic Environment Scotland - aims to provide educational access to digital materials representing material culture and history. This is provided through the wholly owned trading arm Scran Ltd. They are one of the largest educational online services in the UK supporting over 4,000 schools, libraries, colleges and universities. It can be used as a superior form of clip art or for particular learning applications. It uses an advanced licensing system in which the institution retains ownership of the digitised assets but makes these available under licence to Scran, although small versions of the images can be viewed free of charge. Further resources are available for obtaining contemporary and historic photographs, drawings, etc. Many feature historic buildings, archaeological sites or artefacts, with access to the resource is obtained via subscription. These include the image library of the University of Aberdeen, which has in its large and varying photographic collection the George Washington Wilson Collection, which consists of over 40,000 glass plate negatives produced by the Aberdeen photographer's company during the second half of the 19th century. The University of St Andrews also has an on-line image library which offers access to the photographic material held within the Special Collections Department of the University of St Andrews Library. The whole collection currently numbers in excess of 300,000 images, and is one of the largest and most important collections of historic photography in Scotland, stemming primarily from the fact that St Andrews played a vital role in the development of the photographic process. The archive also includes large collections such as the monochrome image archive of Valentines of Dundee, the photographic company which produced Scottish topographical views from the 1860s, and later became internationally famous as the producers of picture postcards. The negatives of Robert Moyes Adam, the wellknown Scottish landscape photographer whose work spans the first half of this century, numbers some 15,000 negatives. The work of George Cowie, a local press PUBLIC PUBLIC photographer from 1930 to 1982, covers all aspects of life in and around St Andrews and the East Neuk of Fife, with a considerable section on the subject of golf. Several other collections from the later 19th century and throughout the present century complement these major archives, with photographs covering a wide range of locations and subject areas. Last, but by no means least, we’re going to move from the study of places and physical structures to people. The past as we see it today was created through the actions and activities of people, and while it’s difficult to find evidence for individuals throughout much of the prehistoric, Roman and medieval periods, the post-medieval period sees the introduction of much more detailed documentary sources. Many of these are now available on-line. People General overviews of particular locations, which include information on population and land ownership, as well as industrial and agricultural production, can be found in the Statistical Accounts of Scotland. The First (Old) Statistical Account (17911799) was established in order to investigate the impact and effects of the agricultural improving movement upon the contemporary Scottish countryside. It contains many descriptions of traditional, pre-improvement farming practices, as well as descriptions of improved and experimental methods of agriculture. The Second (New) Statistical Account (1834-1845) was compiled when the improving movement was in full swing and the country experiencing a period of great economic change – the industrial revolution. As well as information about the progress of agricultural improvements, this account contains descriptions of emigration and famine across many parts of the Highlands. Another potential source is the Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland (1882-1885) by FH Groome: this is the best Scottish gazetteer to look out for, and whoile copies of this publication, or later editions, should be found in your local studies library or archive, the second edition (1892-1896) has been digitised and is available on-line. PUBLIC PUBLIC The National Records of Scotland has a search facility which allows detailed study of specific places or people/families, and this is particularly useful for those interested in detailed aspects of land ownership, Now incorporated into the larger holdings of the National Records of Scotland are records once held by the National Registers of Scotland, the Government Agency responsible for compiling and maintaining the registers relating to property and other legal documents. These can provide information on land ownership. Deeds relating to rights in property were originally held in the Register of Sasines, which was established in 1617; this was the system in place until 1979 when the Land Register of Scotland was introduced to replace it. More general searches can be carried out via the Scotland’s Places portal. Run collaboratively by the National Records of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and Historic Environment Scotland, this resource allows access to a variety of material which includes maps, surveys and plans, photographs, archaeological records, drawings, and a variety of tax rolls. These include links to Canmore, and an ability to search the Ordnance Survey Name Books, which were mentioned previously. The tax rolls, in particular, provide the names and details of individuals, with records going back as far as the mid-1600s in places. More recent information such as census returns is not included; for this, it is necessary to visit the Scotland’s People website, which charges a fee for carrying out an outline search of the records in any detail. The 1851 census for Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire has, however, been web-mounted by Dumfries and Galloway Council: it can be accessed via the website of Dumfries and Galloway Family History Society, which also provides additional resources which may prove helpful to the researcher. Dr Louise Turner Rathmell Archaeology March 2019 PUBLIC  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Can You Dig It – Workshop Notes – Web Based Research Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context GGLP_118 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource GGLP Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource GCAT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Description An account of the resource A set of Technical Notes from community archaeology skills training workshops. archaeology GGLP